Operation Control and Analysis of a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid.

Distributed renewable energy production is making smart microgrid concepts based on AC, DC, and hybrid-MG design more attractive (DRE). In light of the growing population and the pressing need to minimize the load, research into effective control techniques and architectural solutions is a hot topic right now. "However, a comprehensive and coordinated literature assessment of hierarchical control approaches based on diverse configurations of the microgrid (MG) architecture has been explored relatively little in the past.'' Primary, secondary, and tertiary methods to MG system control are outlined in this suggested method. Primary, secondary and third-tier techniques are examined for each MG structure in a short literature review. In addition, the paper offers the best and worst aspects of current control methods. In addition, a simulation research connected to the literature review's future trends in MG control is offered as a further contribution to this subject. Since renewable energy supplies are intermittent in nature, a hybrid microgrid is needed to minimize overall deficit inadequacies and increase system dependability. This is due to the depletion of natural resources and to the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources. Using a hybrid microgrid, the present distributed and concentrated load situations may be accommodated. In order to better understand how the hybrid microgrid may be integrated, optimized and controlled, there is a growing demand for research. It is necessary to do a thorough evaluation of the performance, efficiency, dependability, security, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness of a hybrid microgrid. Issues such as AC and DC microgrids integrating into a single hybrid microgrid are discussed in this paper, as well as how to manage renewable energy resources in a cost-effective manner and how to place the optimal number of feeders in a microgrid. There is a quick overview of the primary research fields, with the goal of finding the research gap that may further enhance the grid's performance. ''New hybrid microgrid solutions are being offered in light of current study trends that have been determined to be the most effective and most-friendly." Research, comparative analysis, and further development of new methodologies related to hybrid microgrids will be aided by this study as the foundation for future work

POST INSULATOR DESIGN OPTIMIZATION IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR

There has been constant development in the energy sector. As the trend of SMART grid is increasing, modern power systems require smarter and reliable switchgear. In this view, the optimum design of switchgear and components acquired prime importance. This can be achieved using various optimization techniques. In this paper, novel optimum design of post insulator is proposed and carried out. The design gives a standard value of capacitance for the indicating system and also solves problem of partial discharge in Indian system. The design is first carried out using 3D MAXWELL software tool for 33kv post insulator which gives drawing in AUTOCAD. The output design parameters obtained in 3D MAXWELL are used for optimization in MATLAB.

A Virtual Instrument for Electrical Power Quality Analysis using Wavelet Technology in Real-time

This paper discusses the design of a virtual instrument for detection and analysis of power quality disturbances in Power System using Wavelet Packet Transform with the help of LabVIEW® algorithm. The virtual instrument designed can operate in different working modes depending on the type of power quality disturbances to be detected and analyzed. Different wavelet analysis (discrete or wavelet-packet transform), with different mother wavelet, decomposition tree and different sampling rate is performed on the input signal either in real-time or off-line. The instrument also permits the partial implementation of a wavelet decomposition tree when we are only interested in a specific frequency band in the input signal. The real signals from chroma programming are used in LabVIEW® algorithm by Data Acquisition (DAQ) card to acquire and digitize the input line signal to obtain the results. The results obtained in simulation using real signals demonstrate good performance of the instrument developed for the detection and analysis of different power quality disturbances with proper time information of the signal. This helps us to analyze the power quality problems to improve the supply quality of the power system effectively by taking proper preventive measures

Mathematical Formulation of Multi-Area Unit Commitment Problem

Multi-Area Unit Commitment Problem is to determine the optimal commitment strategy for generating units located in multiple areas that are interconnected via tie–lines and joint operation of generation resources can result in significant operational cost savings. This research paper presents the mathematical formulation for Multi-Area Unit Commitment Problem along with tie-line concept of interconnected power system. The objective of this paper is to describe the multi-area unit commitment problem, mathematical formulation and tie line concept along with transmission interconnections constrains. Also, standard IEEE data for 26-Generating units of four area system along with 24-hours load demand is given as appendix, which can be used as quick reference by other researchers.

Fast Extraction of Resonant Frequency of Square Ring Micro-strip antenna using Neural Network Approach

This paper presents an efficient approach based on neural network to design a square ring micro-strip antenna. Traditional techniques used to design a square ring antenna are based on EM field simulations like IE3D which is highly CPU intensive and requires lot of time for simulation. Neural networks can be used to map the complex relationship between physical and electrical parameters of ring antenna in an efficient manner. The model once developed can be used with minimal CPU resources and enables fast extraction of output parameter such as resonant frequency. The typical resonant frequency values are first obtained through IE3D and then from samples obtained from IE3D are used to train the neural network .The results obtained by the use of neural networks have been proved to be faster than comparison with IE3D software.

AN ASSESSMENT OF POWER-USE PROFILE IN DESKTOP COMPUTERS

Knowing the actual power requirement of each individual component in a desktop computer is useful when sizing a power supply or when upgrading the PC. In this paper the power demand by various components within six different computer systems was investigated. Measurements of the actual current drawn from each voltage rail when idle and when in use were made and the data examined. The results obtained showed that the total power drawn at idle and on CPU load test was mainly due to the load demand on the +12V rails and this varied significantly between the computer systems; meanwhile +5V and +3.3V lines drew very little power and the total power consumed did not vary significantly between systems on idle state. The assessment revealed that it is highly unlikely that a modern computer system will ever overload either the +5V or +3.3V rails of an ATX12V 2.x compliant power supply; the +12 rails on the other hand, are very heavily used especially under load. Thus, it is very likely that the ratings for the +12V rails is more important than the total wattage rating when it comes choosing a power supply unit for a computer system.

Complex Power Flow Sensitivity Index based Optimal Location and Tuning of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor using BAT Algorithm to enhance Line based Voltage Stability

Modern electric power utilities are facing many challenges due to increasing complexity in their operation and structure. In the recent times, one of the problems that got wide attention is the power system instabilities due to lack of new transmission facilities. Existing transmission facilities can be better utilized by installing Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The TCSC is the most effective FACTS device used to increase the power transferable capabilities of the transmission line. This paper presents a Sensitivity analysis based Complex Power Flow Sensitivity Index (CPSI) calculated for placing the TCSC at an appropriate location. Once the location to install the TCSC is determined, the optimal tuning of the TCSC is determined through BAT Algorithm. The BAT Algorithm is implemented on multi-criterion objective function to minimize total real power loss, total voltage magnitude deviations, the fuel cost of total real power generation and the branch loading to obtain the Optimal Power Flow. Simulations have been carried out in MATLAB software for the IEEE 57-bus system. The results have been taken for BAT Algorithm based Optimal Power Flow without and with TCSC. The results obtained with BAT Algorithm were compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA).

Detection of MDPSK in Fading Channels using Gaussian Particle Filter

We propose Gaussian particle filtering approach for solving the problem of corrupting the MDPSK signals by fading as well as noise. Particle filtering is a powerful tool for non linear problems but it faces sampling degeneration problem which leads to re‐sampling process. Gaussian Particle Filtering doesn’t need re‐sampling process because it approximates the posterior distribution as Gaussian.GPF is preferable than PF for fading channels.

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION REDUCTION BY USING SSSC WITH AND WITHOUT BVSI

This electronic document is a “live” template. The various In present a new Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) for the control of active power flow on a transmission line is proposed and its effectiveness is investigated. The new SSSC is based on injecting a voltage in a given line to counter or augment the voltage &Power produced by the inductive reactance of the line. The resulting compensator, therefore, emulates the control of transmission line reactance and thus, it assists in control by the power transmission capacity. The voltage to be injected in a line is produced by a Binary Voltage Source Inverter (BVSI). BVSI is an attractive recently proposed Voltage Source Inverter. Its output contains very little harmonics and it utilizes very few dc sources unlike conventional multi-level VSIs. The % phase output of the BVSI is synchronized to the line frequency and its phase is arranged to be in or out of phase with the Line reactance drop. The proposed BVSI-SSSC is realized by using three binary proportioned dc sources, which may be appropriately dimensioned capacitors. The resulting output of a BVSI-SSSC is a 15-step ac voltage waveform. The BVSISSSC has a sophisticated set of coordinated controlled which ensure: BVSI frequency is in synchronism with the system frequency, firing pulses are regulated for inverter valves to ensure minimum harmonic content, the selection of Modulation Index and arrangement regulates an appropriate phase relationship to create the desired change in the power flow, and adjustment of firing angles to ensure that the capacitors creating dc binary proportioned sources maintain desired charge on them. Armillary controls may be added to create positive system damping through active power control, and voltage dependent controllers may be added to limit over and under voltage (charging) of capacitors during fault conditions.

THE REDUCTION OF PAPR IN OFDM BY USING NEW COMPANDING TRANSFORM

The main drawback of the OFDM is its high peak to average power ratio(PAPR).There are several PAPR reduction techniques. Among the various PAPR reduction techniques, companding transform is attractive for its simplicity and effectiveness. This paper proposes a new companding algorithm. The proposed algorithm offers an improved bit error rate and minimized out-of-band interference while reducing PAPR effectively, compared with the others. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are presented.