Pedestrian dynamics at the running of the bulls evidence an inaccessible region in the fundamental diagram

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (50) ◽  
pp. e2107827118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Parisi ◽  
Alan G. Sartorio ◽  
Joaquín R. Colonnello ◽  
Angel Garcimartín ◽  
Luis A. Pugnaloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Diagram ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Pedestrian Dynamics ◽  
Density State ◽  
The Individual

We characterize the dynamics of runners in the famous “Running of the Bulls” Festival by computing the individual and global velocities and densities, as well as the crowd pressure. In contrast with all previously studied pedestrian systems, we unveil a unique regime in which speed increases with density that can be understood in terms of a time-dependent desired velocity of the runners. Also, we discover the existence of an inaccessible region in the speed–density state diagram that is explained by falls of runners. With all these ingredients, we propose a generalization of the pedestrian fundamental diagram for a scenario in which people with different desired speeds coexist.

On the Control of Chaos in Extended Structures

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Duffing Oscillator ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
External Forcing ◽  
Control Of Chaos ◽  
Chaotic Vibrations ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Individual

A mechanism is proposed for synchronizing the chaotic vibrations of an externally forced array of oscillators with nearest-neighbor viscoelastic coupling. The proposed mechanism involves the application of small time-dependent perturbations to the individual oscillators. The perturbations required to preserve the coherence are of the order of magnitude of any noise present. The mechanism works with any form of external forcing. A modification of the mechanism is used to control the forced chaotic vibrations of a single Duffing oscillator allowed to vibrate out of the vertical plane.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF PEDESTRIAN FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM ACROSS CULTURES

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 393-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
UJJAL CHATTARAJ ◽  
ARMIN SEYFRIED ◽  
PARTHA CHAKROBORTY
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Fundamental Relation ◽  
Statistical Measure ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Organization Behavior ◽  
Pedestrian Dynamics

The relation between speed and density is connected with every self-organization phenomenon of pedestrian dynamics and offers the opportunity to analyze them quantitatively. But even for the simplest systems, like pedestrian streams in corridors, this fundamental relation is not completely understood. A comparison of data from literature shows that specifications in text books as well as measurements under various experimental conditions differ significantly. In this contribution it is studied whether cultural influences and length of the corridor can be the causes for these deviations. To reduce as much as possible unintentional effects, a system is chosen with reduced degrees of freedom and thus the most simple system, namely the movement of pedestrians along a line under closed boundary conditions. It is found that the speed of Indian test persons is less dependent on density than the speed of German test persons. Surprisingly the more unordered behavior of the Indians is more effective than the ordered behavior of the Germans. This may be due to differences in their self-organization behavior. Without any statistical measure one cannot conclude about whether there are differences or not. By hypothesis test it is found quantitatively that these differences exist, suggesting cultural differences in the fundamental diagram of pedestrians.

scholarly journals An Improved Single-Lane Cellular Automaton Model considering Driver’s Radical Feature

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Qu ◽  
Mofeng Yang ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Bin Ran ◽  
Linchao Li
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cellular Automaton Model ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Speed Difference ◽  
Density State ◽  
Traffic Flow Models

Traffic flow models are of vital significance to study the traffic system and reproduce typical traffic phenomena. In the process of establishing traffic flow models, human factors need to be considered particularly to enhance the performance of the models. Accordingly, a series of car-following models and cellular automaton models were proposed based on comprehensive consideration of various driving behaviors. Based on the comfortable driving (CD) model, this paper innovatively proposed an improved cellular automaton model incorporating impaired driver’s radical feature (RF). The impaired driver’s radical feature was added to the model with respect to three aspects, that is, desired speed, car-following behavior, and braking behavior. Empirical data obtained from a highway segment was used to initialize impaired driver’s radical feature distribution and calibrate the proposed model. Then, numerical simulations validated that the proposed improved model can well reproduce the traffic phenomena, as shown by the fundamental diagram and space-time diagram. Also, in low-density state, it can be found that the RF model is superior to the CD model in simulating the speed difference characteristics, where the average speed difference of adjacent vehicles for RF model is more consistent with reality. The result also discussed the potential impact of impaired drivers on rear-end collisions. It should be noted that this study is an early stage work to evaluate the existence of impaired driving behavior.

A new fundamental diagram theory with the individual difference of the driver’s perception ability

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 2255-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieqiao Tang ◽  
Chuanyao Li ◽  
Haijun Huang ◽  
Huayan Shang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals The influence of physical and mental constraints to a stream of people through a bottleneck

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Geoerg ◽  
Jette Schumann ◽  
Maik Boltes ◽  
Stefan Holl ◽  
Anja Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Heterogeneous Groups ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
The Individual

Understanding movement in heterogeneous groups is important for a meaningful evaluation of evacuation prediction and for a proper design of buildings. The understanding of interactions and influencing factors in heterogeneous groups on key performance figures is fundamental for a safe design. This contribution presents results of experimental studies on movement of a crowd through a bottleneck involving participants with and without disabilities. High precise trajectories of the attendees extracted from video recordings were used to calculate density and velocity of the participants. Besides the well-established fundamental diagram new insights into the individual relation between density and velocity are discussed. A complex structure and considerate behaviour in movement implicates a strong influence of the heterogeneity on key performance values of safe movement.

Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Medical Words? A Randomized Trial of Reporting Formats for Medical Research Data

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Elting ◽  
G. P. Bodey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Valuable Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pie Chart

AbstractMonitoring data that vary over time is an essential component of medical practice. This is doubly true in clinical trials in which the overall safety and efficacy of investigational treatments in populations must be monitored in addition to the status of the individual patients who receive them. We report the results of a randomized trial of four reporting methods for time-dependent information derived from clinical trials; narrative text, table, pie chart and icon. Multivariate analysis of variance with a repeated measures design was used to analyze the efficiency of subjects’ (physicians, research nurses and laboratory personnel) assimilation of information. Icons were found to be superior to the other reporting formats tested in both speed (p <0.0001) and accuracy (p = 0.02). The differences were most pronounced in subjects’ first exposure to the data, suggesting that icons reduce the time needed for training. We conclude that icons are a valuable method for presentation of time-dependent information in medical settings.

Gender-based Insights into the Fundamental Diagram of Pedestrian Dynamics

2019 ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudina Subaih ◽  
Mohammed Maree ◽  
Mohcine Chraibi ◽  
Sami Awad ◽  
Tareq Zanoon
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Pedestrian Dynamics ◽  
Gender Based

scholarly journals Methodology for Determining Time-Dependent Lead Battery Failure Rates from Field Data

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Rafael Conradt ◽  
Frederic Heidinger ◽  
Kai Peter Birke
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Lead Battery ◽  
Reliable Power Supply ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dependent Failure

The safety requirements in vehicles continuously increase due to more automated functions using electronic components. Besides the reliability of the components themselves, a reliable power supply is crucial for a safe overall system. Different architectures for a safe power supply consider the lead battery as a backup solution for safety-critical applications. Various ageing mechanisms influence the performance of the battery and have an impact on its reliability. In order to qualify the battery with its specific failure modes for use in safety-critical applications, it is necessary to prove this reliability by failure rates. Previous investigations determine the fixed failure rates of lead batteries using data from teardown analyses to identify the battery failure modes but did not include the lifetime of these batteries examined. Alternatively, lifetime values of battery replacements in workshops without knowing the reason for failure were used to determine the overall time-dependent failure rate. This study presents a method for determining reliability models of lead batteries by investigating individual failure modes. Since batteries are subject to ageing, the analysis of lifetime values of different failure modes results in time-dependent failure rates of different magnitudes. The failure rates of the individual failure modes develop with different shapes over time, which allows their ageing behaviour to be evaluated.

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