scholarly journals Transcriptional Regulation by Transforming Growth Factor β of the Expression of Retinoic Acid and Retinoid X Receptor Genes in Osteoblastic Cells Is Mediated through AP-1

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (49) ◽  
pp. 31602-31606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Chen ◽  
Akira Takeshita ◽  
Ken Ozaki ◽  
Shigeo Kitano ◽  
Shigemasa Hanazawa
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Retinoid X Receptor ◽  
Osteoblastic Cells

scholarly journals Retinoic acid can enhance conversion of naive into regulatory T cells independently of secreted cytokines

2009 ◽  
Vol 206 (10) ◽  
pp. 2131-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Nolting ◽  
Carolin Daniel ◽  
Sabine Reuter ◽  
Christina Stuelten ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Cell Conversion ◽  
Smad3 Expression

It has been reported that retinoic acid (RA) enhances regulatory T (T reg) cell conversion by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines that interfere with conversion. This report shows that these conclusions provide a partial explanation at best. First, RA not only interfered with cytokine secretion but also with the ability of these cytokines to inhibit T reg cell conversion of naive T cells. Furthermore, RA enhanced conversion even in the absence of inhibitory cytokines. The latter effect depended on the RA receptor α (RARα) but did not require Smad3, despite the fact that RA enhanced Smad3 expression. The RARα1 isoform was not essential for RA-dependent enhancement of transforming growth factor β–driven conversion, suggesting that conversion can also be mediated by RARα2. Interleukin (IL)-6 strongly reduced RARα expression levels such that a deficiency of the predominant RARα1 isoform leaves too little RARα2 for RA to inhibit the generation of Th17 cells in the presence of IL-6.

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