The directionality of grammaticalization in Spanish

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Company Company
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Meaning ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Semantic Properties

The paper examines three directions of grammaticalization by subjectification. Using the general cline Grammar > Discourse and Discourse > Grammar or Grammar ↔ Discourse, Spanish shows three types of diachronic subjectification, going in three different directions: (1) Grammar > Grammar; (2) Grammar > Discourse; (3) Grammar > Discourse > and again Grammar. Directions 1 and 2 are well known; direction 3, as far as I know, is unknown in the literature about grammaticalization. (1) Initiates in the Grammar, at the textual-syntactic level, and continues to function in the Grammar, with a different distribution and different syntactic-semantic properties as regards its etymon. (2) Begins in the Grammar, cancels the syntactic and morphological capacities of the etymon, produces syntactic isolation and widening of scope and results in the creation of autonomous forms which work at the discourse level. (3) Begins in the Grammar, goes to the Discourse via the cancellation of the morphological and syntactic capacities of the objective form, widens its scope and results in an autonomous form. Once it has operated in the Discourse, it returns to the Grammar, narrowing its scope, taking a new grammatical role again, and paradigmatizing with other forms. The form preserves the subjective meaning of the second stage. The process in all cases is semantically the same: the speaker’s appraisals, points of view and attitudes about the event and his/her interaction with regard to the hearer find explicit codification in grammar, becoming a coded and highly-conventionalized meaning in the grammar of a language (Traugott 1995b, 1999), but the direction of the change is different in each case. Subjectification looks like a multi-dimensional process, not a unidirectional one.

The Tense, Mood, and Aspect System of Haitian Creole and the Problem of Transmission of Grammar in Creole Genesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Haitian Creole ◽  
Phonological Form ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Semantic Properties

It is often assumed that creolization involves a break in the transmission of grammar. On the basis of data drawn from the TMA system of Haitian creole, as compared with those of its source languages — French, the superstratum language, and Fongbe, one of the substratum languages — this paper argues that creolization does not involve a break in transmission of grammar. The properties of the Haitian creole TMA system are shown to reflect in a systematic way those of its contributing languages. While the syntactic and the semantic properties of the TMA markers of the creole parallel those of Fongbe, the markers' phonological form appears to be derived from phonetic strings found in the superstratum language. This systematic division of properties is predicted by the hypothesis that relexification has played a major role in the formation of the creole. The fact that the lexical entries of the creole have phonological representations which are derived from phonetic strings found in the superstratum language is the visible signal that creolization involves the creation of a new language. The fact that the lexical entries of the creole show semantic and syntactic properties that parallel those of the languages of the substratum argues that there has been no break in the transmission of grammar in the formation of the creole.

The History of the Creation of the VII State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
K. S. Guzev
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Scien Tists ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Objective Necessity

Introduction. The objective necessity of the appearance of this code of laws for the pharmaceu-tical industry is shown. The proofs of the readiness of all branches of pharmacy to develop the text of the Pharmacopoeia, taking into account modern international requirements for scientific and practical activities in the development, manufacture and production of medicines, are presented.Text. The work presents the history of the creation of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. The sequence of steps for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia Commission, the stages of its activities for the preparation of the updated text of the Pharmacopoeia is described, a detailed analysis of the prepared text is given in comparison with the current Pharmacopoeia of the VI edition (1910). Various points of view of experts on the content of the main text are cited, which served as the basis for the new document. The role of domestic scien-tists-pharmacists in the development and publication of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR is evaluated.Conclusion. The role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission in the timely development of the text of the new edition of the State Pharmacopoeia is emphasized. The fact of its wide discussion among experts and the novelty of the approach, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the entire industry, are noted.

scholarly journals A RENOVAÇÃO DO CIRCO E O CIRCO SOCIAL [Fabio Dal Gallo]

REPERTÓRIO ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Teatro & Dança Repertório
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation

<div>A partir de considerações sobre a renovação do espetáculo na história do circo, são apresentados pontos de vista em relação às inf uências da organização do circo e da finalidade dos espetáculos na estética circense. Sublinhandose que o circo social traz mudanças na fi nalidade do espetáculo, faz-se uma descrição do que é o circo social, de como se constitui e como atua. É realizada uma análise dos fundamentos pedagógicos que interferem na criação do espetáculo de circo social, encontrando-se uma relação com o horizonte teórico dos Estudos da Performance. Conclui-se que o circo social renova a cena circense contemporânea e colabora com os outros movimentos artísticos que destacam a importância da arte e do espetáculo como recursos pedagógicos.<br /><br>Beginning with considerations about the renovation of the show in the circus history, are presented points of view about the influences of the circus organization and the finality of the shows in the circus aesthetics. Underlining that the social circus brings change in the finality of the show, is developed a description of what is the social circus, how it is constituted and how it acts. Is realized an analysis of the pedagogic bases that interfere in the creation of the show and is found a relation with the theory of the Performance Studies. The conclusion is that the social circus renews the circus contemporary scene and collaborates with other artistic movements that evidence the importance of the art and the show like pedagogic resources. </div>

Investigation of the Cost of Future Naval Amphibious Capability

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Jones ◽  
Rob Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Task Group ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Vessel Impact ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Through the creation of a large number of concept designs, the cost and vessel impact of deploying and supporting amphibious operations has been investigated. The investigation has looked at capabilities such as the transportation and delivery of vehicles, landing craft, aviation and embarked troops in a number of platform types such as LPDs, LHDs and Ro-Ros. A series of trends describing the costs of the capability have been investigated to estimate the cost of individual capabilities within a design. Over the timeframe of the study, vessel manning is predicted to change and a method of predicting the crew requirement has been developed to investigate the impact of reduced manning on amphibious platform designs. This is the first of two stages of work; in the second stage the requirements for a task group will be investigated to determine the best way to deploy capability at a fleet level.

O VIDOVDANSKOM USTAVU IZ NEKOLIKO PERSPEKTIVA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksa Nikolić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation

From the creation until the adoption of the Constitution of 1921 (the so-called Vidovdan Constitution), the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes wandered aimlessly in the constitutional provisional for almost three years. The Vidovdan Constitution finally established some kind of legal organization of the newly formed state. However, the subject of this paper will not be the analysis of social and political circumstances before and after the adoption of the Vidovdan Constitution, but the author will analyze different views on the Vidovdan Constitution from the pens of the most important Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian constitutional lawyers. In that way, through a comprehensive comparative legal analysis, a big step will be made towards shedding light on all the problems that burdened the newly formed kingdom from the start, and which were a stumbling block in building stable relations between Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Based on the analysis of the mentioned different points of view on the Vidovdan Constitution, the author will point out the most controversial elements of the biggest names in the constitutional law of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia and report certain conclusions about the nature and character of the Vidovdan Constitution.

The creation of humanised landscapes

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Subjective Meaning ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Historical Element

The historical element and human action are implicit in the idea of the landscape. Such combinations, in various guises, often go under the name of historical geography. More latterly, the meaning of ‘history’, in its broadest sense, has been scrutinised closely because of the implicit subjective meaning embedded in any account of the past. Within geography, one of the earliest and most distinctive contributions to humanised landscapes came from the ‘Aberystwyth School’ of historically oriented human geography, which had an emphasis on anthropology and human ecology, and the western parts of Britain. As the l930s wore on, two figures emerged who were to dominate the debate about history in geography — Carl O. Sauer in the United States and H. C. Darby in Britain. There are basically two approaches to understanding past humanised landscapes — the reconstruction of these landscapes from consistent and comprehensive sources, and the mapping of relict features. Increasingly, both approaches combine history, archaeology, palaeobotany, and other disciplines.

Storytelling in Intercultural Education

2013 ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Tiziana Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Creative Writing ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Intercultural Education ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Public Bodies

Storytelling is often employed as a teaching method. If storytelling is not used properly, however, teachers run the risk of banality and of delivering meaning-poor content. The author believes that storytelling in an intercultural context must privilege the aspects of relations and creativity. As a consequence, she started a narration practice entitled “Creative Writing Relay.” Schools and public bodies collaborated in this project; this spanned different country and continents, allowed for the creation of coexistence (a sort of conviviality) of differences workshops and for the forging of significant relations between children from different places. The site of the exchange was virtual, thanks to a purpose-built virtual environment. The results were positive: the children developed an ability to appreciate the relativity of different and distant points of view, acquired an interest in other cultures, and discovered new alphabets; in fact, they started to appreciate that differences can be an opportunity for enrichment.

The rise of a high transitivity marker 到 dao in contemporary Chinese

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Chen ◽  
Hongyin Tao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Life ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Standard Chinese ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Semantic Properties

Transitivity has been approached from various discourse functional points of view. In this paper, we describe the emergence in standard Chinese of a marker of high transitivity, 到 dao ‘reach’, in syntactic contexts where it has not been attested before (e.g., 帮助到你 bangzhu dao ni ‘help you’). We argue that this emergence is associated with a number of factors: the semantic properties of the main verb, dialectal influences, and recent social trends towards consumerism and an emergent “yuppie” identity in contemporary Chinese urban life. We take the innovative uses of dao to be an instance of linguistic structure co-evolving with societal change.

Evolution of Negative Dependencies

2020 ◽  
pp. 545-562
Author(s):  
Chiara Gianollo
Keyword(s):  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
Negative Marker ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Syntactic Dependencies ◽  
Semantic Properties

This chapter reviews the diachronic processes affecting indefinites in the scope of negation and other nominal elements that enter the negation system as strengtheners of the sentential negative marker. Changes involving indefinites interweave with Jespersen’s Cycle because changes in the syntactic nature of the negative marker may lead to the creation of syntactic dependencies between negative items in the clause. In turn, indefinites themselves are subject to diachronic clines and cyclical processes of change modifying their pragmatic and semantic properties and renewing their form and their featural content. A particularly intriguing systematic phenomenon leads originally positive elements to become more ‘negative’, in ways that will be explored in this chapter by means of examples from the diachrony of various languages.

Psychologism in Semantics

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McKinsey
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Propositional Attitudes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Wilfrid Sellars ◽  
Adequate Theory ◽  
Unresolved Conflict ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Semantic Properties

There is an unresolved conflict in points of view that continues to fester in contemporary semantics and philosophy of mind. According to one influential outlook, an adequate theory of semantic properties and relations would provide us with a better understanding of those psychological acts and states called the propositional attitudes. A theory of such semantic concepts as that of a sentence's meaning something, or that of a term's referring to something would, according to this point of view, be capable of yielding explications of such analogous psychological concepts as that of a thought's having a certain propositional content, or of a beliefs being about something. This program is sometimes called the ‘Analogy Theory’ of thought; since Wilfrid Sellars is the most forceful and creative proponent of this point of view, I will call it ‘Sellars's Program.’

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