О препятствиях на пути “зеленого” пчеловодства во Франции: антропологическая перспектива

Пчелы и широко известные полезные свойства продуктов пчеловодства, которым в общественных дискуссиях во Франции уделялось и уделяется значительное внимание, в течение нескольких предыдущих лет стали предметом интереса французских социальных исследователей. Пчелы фактически превратились в символ кризиса биоразнообразия в стране. Социальные исследовате-ли, включая авторов данной статьи, иногда участвуют в мультидисциплинарных проектах под ру-ководством биологов с целью помочь убедить профессиональных пчеловодов внедрять более эко-логичные практики пчеловодства, особенно в том, что касается борьбы с клещом Варроа – смер-тоносным вредителем пчел. Однако, как выяснилось в ходе нашего исследования на юге Фран-ции, местные пчеловоды не спешат отказываться от привычных методов своей работы. Они про-должают использовать химикаты, которые просты в обращении, дешевы и эффективны, игнори-руя при этом более экологически безопасные, но, по их мнению, более рискованные и сложные в применении техники, такие, как чистка или удаление части пчелиного расплода. В данной статье нами анализируются препятствия на пути внедрения более экологичного пчеловодства во Фран-ции, и исследуется отношение к научному и ненаучному знанию, которое эти препятствия обна-руживают. Over the last few years the amount of space occupied by bees in the French public debate together with the well-known benefits of the products of their hive has attracted the interest of social scien-tists. Indeed, bees have become a symbol of the biodiversity crisis. Social scientists, like us, are sometimes invited to join multi-disciplinary projects run by biologists specializing in bees. The aim of such involvement is to help the biologists convince professional beekeepers to make their practices greener, notably with respect to their handling of the Varroa mite. However, the bee-keepers we studied in the South of France are not keen to give up their conventional practices. Based on chemical products, these are efficient, simple and cheap as opposed to environmentally-friendly, chemical-free techniques (scraping or removal of the brood), which are seen to be riskier and more complicated to implement. This article describes and analyses these obstacles and the relationship to scientific and non-scientific knowledge they reveal.

The History of the Creation of the VII State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (Review)

Introduction. The objective necessity of the appearance of this code of laws for the pharmaceu-tical industry is shown. The proofs of the readiness of all branches of pharmacy to develop the text of the Pharmacopoeia, taking into account modern international requirements for scientific and practical activities in the development, manufacture and production of medicines, are presented.Text. The work presents the history of the creation of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. The sequence of steps for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia Commission, the stages of its activities for the preparation of the updated text of the Pharmacopoeia is described, a detailed analysis of the prepared text is given in comparison with the current Pharmacopoeia of the VI edition (1910). Various points of view of experts on the content of the main text are cited, which served as the basis for the new document. The role of domestic scien-tists-pharmacists in the development and publication of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR is evaluated.Conclusion. The role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission in the timely development of the text of the new edition of the State Pharmacopoeia is emphasized. The fact of its wide discussion among experts and the novelty of the approach, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the entire industry, are noted.

Altmetrics: The awareness and interest

The characteristics of academic users interested in altmetrical infor-mation are defined. The online survey of 302 academic respondents was conduc-ted to reveal the level of awareness and interest of scientific community. The analysis of the responses about altmetrics is supplemented with the data on the respondents' using traditional scientometric information. It was found that with a high degree of interest in traditional scientometric indicators (91.4% of respondents refer to them), altmetrics remained mostly out of the eye of scien-tists. Only 6.6% respondents use altmetrics, while the others are still unfamiliar with altmetrics or do not use them. However, over the half of respondents ex-pressed interest in altmetrics: 11.9% consider the method necessary, and 43% would like to learn more about it. The correlation between academic status and awareness of/or interest in altmetrics was found: applicants and candidates of science and applicants for this degree proved to be more interested in altmetrics information than doctors of science. The correlation between the aware-ness/interest and researcher’s area of studies appeared insignificant. The findings of the study may be used to improve the information support of scientists. The research model can be applied to other groups of library users.

Possible adverse effects of the use of orthokeratology lenses (literature review)

Orthokeratology is a method of correction of ametropia, which has been widely used throughout the world. In the presented review, based on the data of domestic and foreign literature, possible undesirable phenomena that occur when using orthokeratological lenses are described. Scien¬tists come to the conclusion that, despite the possibility of complications, the risk of undesired symptoms is significant¬ly reduced when the rules of the use and care of orthokera¬tology lenses are strictly followed, and that their incidence is less frequent than when using soft contact lenses.

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MICROCLIMATE IN RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

The quality of the indoor environment depends on the comfort and safety of people living inside. Scien-tists are working to overcome the negative impact of the environment on the population in the cities. Never-theless, the existing residential areas of the country often do not meet today’s environmental hygienic re-quirements. When choosing building constructive solutions and microclimate support systems for buildings, it is necessary to take into account the factors leading to the entry of harmful substances that pose a real threat to the health and life of people. Intensive use in residential construction of new polymer materials and other impacts on the internal environment of buildings can lead to a decrease in the quality of the internal envi-ronment of the buildings. It is crucial to take into consideration these factors when choosing building solu-tions and creating comfort with engineering systems providing the microclimate of buildings.

Factors of realization and differentiation scientific potencial of young scientists

In domestic and foreign scientists’ research the scientific potential is investigated thro-ugh a series of economic indicators, but social and cultural aspects are not revealed. Scien-tists’ interest focuses primarily on the resource component of the scientific potential expres-sed through quantitative indexes (funding of science, number of academic staff involved in economics, the volume of scientific & technical work, etc.). The analyses of the current scientific literature have found that the concept of scientific potential with respect to young scientists has not been sufficiently studied.

Do democracies need knOWLedge?

This paper serves to review the book Why Democracies Need Science, written by Harry Collins and Robert Evans. Of particular interest to this paper is the institution of The Owls, which Collins and Evans propose in their text. A theme which is present throughout the book, a theme which Collins and Evans seek to work through is that of post-truth; the first section of the paper will address the concept of post-truth. Next, the birds of science will be examined, in the second section; this is a classification system Collins and Evans develop, from a borrowed analogy from Richard Feynman. After examining the eagle scien-tists, the hawk scientific fundamentalists, and the vulture philosopher-apologists, attention will be paid to The Owls of science. The third section per-tains to The Owls. The Owls are an institution which Collins and Evans note and which includes social scientists and those with a rigorous under-standing of the social analysis of science [Collins, Evans, 2017, p. 78]. The role of The Owls is to serve to better advise politicians in a post-truth era. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the theorized institution of The Owls is an insufficient mechanism to deal with a post-truth era. After introducing The Owls, the fourth section of the paper considers the neutrality of an Owl, as a consensus does not guarantee truth or correctness. The fifth section then examines The Owls and democracy, as Collins and Evans do not specify the type of democracy in which The Owls would operate. The sixth section notes the exclusivity present within the institution of The Owls, as it is restricted to only two occupations, and is seemingly elitist. Finally, I conclude by asking the question – what does this mean for science and technology studies? As the institution of The Owls seems like an insufficient one to deal with a post-truth era.

Characteristics of loanwords in Chinese language on the example of digital economy sphere

It is devoted to the study of borrowing methods in Chinese and the degree of influence of the English language on these methods on the example of terminological units from the digital economy sphere. The digital economy is one of the rapidly developing industries in the world, which attracts the attention of a large number of specialists from various fields of science. From the linguistics point of view, the interest of this industry is caused by the following question: what borrowing methods are used to “absorb” new vocabulary into the language, at a time when society in the shortest possible time receives a huge amount of information about new objects and phenomena from around the world? In other words: does the language manage to select the appropriate equivalents or adapt the phonetic calque for foreign lexical units? The aim of this work is to study the degree of influence of the English language on borrowing methods in Chinese. To achieve the goal, tasks were set. Firstly, to study the classification of borrowing methods of do-mestic and foreign sinologists. Among the many scientific works, we note the works of such scien-tists as V.I. Gorelov, A.L. Semenas, V.G. Burov, I.D. Klenin, V.F. Shchichko, Gāo Míngkǎi, Ruitsin Miao, Kui Zhu, Liu Yongquan. Secondly, to consider and describe in detail the graphical borrowing method in Chinese. The emphasis on this borrowing method was made because it ex-amines in detail lexical units, consisting in whole or in part of Greek or Latin letters. Thirdly, to analyze the terminological base of the Chinese language from the digital economy sphere, that is, to distribute lexical units according to groups corresponding to borrowing methods.

A Foreword from the Editor

We are glad to publish the second issue of the Journal of Medicines Development Sciences. It illustrates three current trends in medicines development:• The rising role of small biotech companies,• The initiatives launched in many countries to boost clinical research,• The importance of an adequate education and training of physicians and scien-tists involved in medicines development.

THE TIME OF AUGMENTATION OF PROFESSORS

In recent years, there has been a lot of discussion about the quality of studies and, in general, about the education quality. This article deals with problems related to the quality of education and studies in higher schools i.e., universities and colleges. As we know, the quality of studies depends not only on level of motivation and cleverness of students, how well developed the infrastructure of institutions is and so on. Probably, even more, the quality of studies depends on scientific pedagogical personnel, the one, which directly determines the prepara-tion of a future student. However, it is impossible to neither increase nor grow up or expand artificially the quali-fication of the personnel. This depends on many things. It seems that those who form Lithuanian education poli-tics have chosen an easier way- have reduced already small qualification requirements. Of course, traditionally essential differences remain here among physical, biomedical, technology and humanitarian and social field scien-tists. For the former it is quite understandable that the results of education have to be announced in the top rated international educational publications. It seems to be general truth. It is natural that so-called minimal requirements for the scientists of these areas are considerably higher comparing to other scientific field representatives. The requirements are especially lessened for those who work in humanitarian and social science fields. International practice is rather varied. The common thing is that it is sought to maintain rather high but flexible requirements. International practice is not monolithic. It is determined by both settled traditions and other factors. However, Lithuania should not follow only formal attitude. For those who seek science career, universal-ly acknowledged standards and criteria have to be applied. Science, in some sense, has strong immunity, but in recent years, it has been rapidly weakened both inter-nally and externally. Of course, we have to believe, that universities will understand that it is firstly on them to save and strengthen both quality of activities and prestige and develop real but not demonstrated science. Europe “has been having a headache” for a long time thinking how to withstand ever - strengthening competition with such regions as North America (especially USA), South-east Asia and so on. Lithuania, artificially augmenting the number of professors, will not make improvements in the science itself. We will look better from the statistic point of view, but it will even more hinder any development of science in the country. Key words: quality of studies, requirements, qualification of the personnel.