Second-generation NYC bilinguals’ use of the Spanish subjunctive in obligatory contexts

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Martillo Viner
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Spanish Subjunctive ◽  
Generational Groups

This paper analyzes naturalistic data from second-generation NYC bilinguals on their obligatory subjunctive use. First-generation NYC Spanish speakers serve as the reference model for the nine obligatory semantic & syntactic contexts. A total of 52 consultants are considered, 26 for each generation, from the six primary Spanish-speaking groups in NYC: Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Colombian. The objective is to determine, through quantitative and qualitative investigation, whether the second-generation’s obligatory subjunctive use has changed, and if so, to establish exactly where and how it differs from the first-generation, thus contributing to the variationist-sociolinguistic knowledge of Spanish grammar in bilingual settings. Statistically significant external and internal findings show that the two generational groups do in fact use the obligatory subjunctive differently. Close examination, however, suggests that second-generation bilinguals generally command obligatory subjunctive use, but do exhibit signs of a variable mood grammar.

The Effect of Dialect on Phonological Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Goldstein ◽  
Aquiles Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Correct Number ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Made In

This study examines the effect of dialect on phonological analyses in Spanish-speaking children. Phonological analyses were completed for fifty-four 3- and 4-year-old typically developing Spanish speakers and fifty-four 3-and 4-year-old Spanish speakers with phonological disorders. Analyses were made in reference to both the General Spanish dialect and the Puerto Rican dialect of Spanish to demonstrate the effect of dialect on the results. The results indicated that the number of consonant errors, percentage of consonants correct, number of errors within individual sound classes, and percentage of occurrence for phonological processes all differed based on the accounting of dialect features.

Conditional morphology in New York heritage Spanish: General and variable usage patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Martillo Viner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
The City ◽  
New Yorkers

Abstract This paper analyzes the use of conditional morphology by second-generation Spanish speaking New Yorkers. We consider both overall usage patterns and variation, the latter exclusively in the apodosis of hypothetical utterances where three forms occur: the conditional, the subjunctive, and the indicative. The data are from semi-controlled sociolinguistic interviews with 26 Spanish-English second-generation bilingual participants from New York City. The participants stem from the six largest Spanish-speaking national origins in the city: Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Mexican, Colombian, and Ecuadorian. The findings show that conditional morphology is active in the grammars of these bilinguals, but variation does manifest between the three aforementioned forms in the apodosis. Furthermore, three of the 10 external variables identified for the investigation are found to be statistically significant in the cohort: level of English skill, level of education, and areal origin.

Evaluation of Syntax in Three-Year-Old Spanish-Speaking Puerto Rican Children

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Linares-Orama ◽  
Lois Joan Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Primary Investigator ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Linguistic Proficiency ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Status Differences

The performance of 30 normal and 30 language-deviant three-year-old Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children was compared on two measures of linguistic proficiency. They are mean length of utterance, following a scoring procedure adapted for Spanish speakers by the primary investigator, and Lee’s Developmental Sentence Scoring procedure adapted for Spanish by Toronto. Results indicated that both methods of language assessment were sensitive to age and language status differences within the three-year age range. Accordingly, they can be usefully employed in research investigations to equate subjects on a linguistic basis, and in the clinical evaluation of small differences in the language maturity of preschool Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican children.

Phonological Patterns in Normally Developing Spanish-Speaking 3- and 4-Year-Olds of Puerto Rican Descent

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Goldstein ◽  
Aquiles Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Made In

This study presents a quantitative and qualitative description of the phonological patterns in Spanish-speaking preschoolers of Puerto Rican descent. Phonological processes and nontargeted process errors were analyzed for 24 3-year-old and 30 4-year-old Spanish speakers. Analyses were made in reference to the Puerto Rican dialects of Spanish, yielding a number of patterns that characterize the phonological patterns in these children.

Language shift and maintenance among the children of immigrants in the U.S.

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie T. Mora ◽  
Daniel J. Villa ◽  
Alberto Dávila
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
English Language Acquisition ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The U.S

For over thirty years, research on Spanish in the U.S. has demonstrated an inexorable loss of the language among Spanish speaking populations. This study shows, however, that analyses of 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Census data, using an innovative approach known as a synthetic cohort analysis, reveal a high degree of transmission of Spanish from first generation to second generation speakers. For the purpose of tracking reported language use of individuals starting at ages 5–7 and ending at ages 15–17, data from the Integrated Public Microdata Series are used here to create two simulated longitudinal samples of Spanish speakers over a ten-year period. English language acquisition is also examined, and the results indicate that second generation speakers are bilingual, with a high degree of control of both Spanish and English.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

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