Kokborok and the simple-complex reflexive distinction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gargi Roy ◽  
Kārumūri V Subbārāo ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Martin Everaert
Keyword(s):  
Binding Theory ◽  
Simple Complex ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Local Binding

Abstract This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the binding strategies in Kokborok and we will look more specifically how this sheds light on the theories of reflexivization. Kokborok, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tripura, a state in the North-East of India, has two reflexives: sak sak ‘self self’ and sak baithaŋ ‘self self’. The form sak sak ‘self self’ conforms to Principle A of classic Binding Theory, blocking long-distance binding, but this does not hold true for sak baithaŋ allowing non-local binding. It is a well-established fact that some reflexives allow non-local binding, but it is generally assumed that this phenomenon is limited to a certain type of reflexive, morpho-syntactically ‘simple reflexives.’ The so-called ‘complex reflexives’ generally bar non-local binding, and the Kokborok reflexive sak baithaŋ seems an exception to that. This paper explores the uniqueness involved in the nature of anaphoric binding in Kokborok.

The morphological basis of anaphora

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Burzio
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Morphological Basis ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Local Binding

Chomsky (1981: 188, 220; 1986a: 166) formulates the Binding Theory essentially as in (1).(1) (A) An anaphor must belocally bound(B) A pronoun must not belocally bound(C) An R-expression must not be boundThe notion ‘bound’ is defined as ‘c-commanded by a co-referential element’. As for the notion ‘locally’, that of Chomsky (1986a) differs somewhat from that of Chomsky (1981), and much recent literature addresses the issue, especially in connection with the phenomenon of ‘Long Distance Anaphora’. (For relevant discussion see Burzio (1989c and references therein) and also Levinson, this volume.) For most of our purposes, it will be sufficient to assume Chomsky's (1981: 188) ‘within its [i.e. the anaphor's/pronoun‘s] governing category’, or even the formally simpler (though empirically less adequate) ‘within the same minimal clause’. The empirical effects of the Binding Theory in (1) can then be illustrated as in (2a, b, c) – instances of local binding, non-local binding, and no binding respectively. In each case the connecting line expresses intended co-reference, much as co-indexation in later examples. Each ungrammatical case is accounted for by the principle indicated in parentheses.

Anaphor binding

2019 ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Small Clauses ◽  
Local Binding

Scandinavian has a reflexive pronoun and a reflexive possessive for the 3rd person, and a reciprocal pronoun for all persons. Regular binding domains are finite and non-finite clauses, small clauses, and noun phrases with a verbal content and a genitive ‘agent’. There are also less expected binding relations within NPs, possibly involving an invisible binder. Within VP an indirect object may bind a direct object. Even non-c-commanding binders within VP do exist. Non-local binding into small clauses and infinitival clauses is frequent. Some varieties, especially Norwegian, also allow long distance binding, i.e. binding into finite subordinate clauses. At this point, there is a great deal of variation in acceptability, and definite rules are hard to identify.

Animacy and long distance binding in Norwegian

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Lødrup
Keyword(s):  
Binding Theory ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Thematic Role ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Local Binding

Norwegian allows binding into finite subordinate clauses when the subordinate subject is inanimate and has a thematic role that is low on the hierarchy of thematic roles (e.g.Hun trodde hun gjorde det som var best forseg selv‘she thought she did that which was best forrefl self’). This kind of long distance binding is productive, and generally acceptable, but it has never been mentioned in the literature. This article discusses its syntactic and semantic properties. It is shown that the reflexives in question are not necessarily logophoric, and that they prefer a distributive interpretation. The general binding properties of inanimate subjects are discussed, and it is proposed that binding theory must have the option to disregard them. Binding across inanimate subjects can then be treated as local binding.

Water for the City

Global Cities ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gottlieb ◽  
Simon Ng
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
State Of Water ◽  
Supply Relationship ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The City

This chapter describes the history and current state of water supply development and the water quality issues that Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China have needed to address. It identifies the efforts to undertake long distance imported water transfers and their environmental impacts; water quality problems from surface and groundwater sources, and water management issues, including a discussion of water privatization efforts and increased bottled water sales. It analyzes different river systems and watershed basins and various dependencies on non-local sources, such as Hong Kong’s dependence on water from Guangdong waters, Los Angeles on water from Northern California and the Colorado River, and China’s coastal regions and regions in the north on various transfers from where water is more plentiful to where it is scarce. It also looks at the water quality-water supply relationship and how polluted sources have led to a loss of supply.

Spaces of encounter: informal markets in Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 347-357
Author(s):  
Peter Mörtenböck ◽  
Helge Mooshammer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
World Congress ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Vast Network

In the past two decades numerous large-scale informal markets have emerged on the fringes of European cities in the wake of global geopolitical transformations. Relying on individualised long-distance connections and adapting to diverse local situations, they produce a proliferating array of unregulated urban architectures while providing habitats for millions of undocumented existences. One such case is the infamous Arizona Market not far from the north Bosnian town of Brc̆ko, a place that has been transformed from a border guard post into a major hub for people trafficking and prostitution and now into a multi-ethnic centre of ubiquitous consumption. Another one, Izmailovo Market in the north-east of Moscow, the largest informal trading centre in the region with links to all parts of the Russian Federation and beyond, has grown into a Babylonian site of 15 specialised trading areas that rivals the Moscow Kremlin both in terms of size and visitor attractiveness. And when the 22nd World Congress of Architecture was held in Istanbul under the motto ‘Grand Bazaar of Architectures’, a bazaar of a very different kind traded outside the tourist centres: a vast network of provisional, informal street markets that establish themselves right alongside the building sites of official urban regeneration, beneath terraces of motorways and next to newly constructed tram lines. Before exploring the dynamics of these spaces in more detail, let us address briefly the socio-economic conditions underlying the rise of informal markets.

Methodological problems related to research on L2 Norwegian anaphors

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guro Busterud
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Finite Clause ◽  
Local Binding

This article focuses on the methodological challenges involved in investigating anaphoric binding in Norwegian as a second language. Norwegian anaphors can be bound both locally and non-locally, and since anaphors vary cross-linguistically, it is interesting to explore whether and where L2 speakers of Norwegian allow such target-like local and non-local binding in their L2. Sentences with two possible antecedents might be ambiguous for L2 speakers, and the truth-value judgment task is generally considered to be the best method for eliciting knowledge of L2 speakers' intuitions of anaphoric binding in ambiguous sentences. In Norwegian, long-distance binding cannot cross a finite clause boundary, and the long-distance anaphor cannot be locally bound. Because of this, the truth-value judgment task is sometimes less adequate for testing all relevant binding structures in Norwegian. Dialectal variations in Norwegian pose additional challenges for the study of the acquisition of anaphors in an L2. This paper discusses the implications of these methodological challenges.

scholarly journals Long-distance dispersal of an Amur tiger indicates potential to restore the North-east China/Russian Tiger Landscape

Oryx ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianming Wang ◽  
Limin Feng ◽  
Pu Mou ◽  
Jianping Ge ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East China ◽  
Amur Tiger ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

scholarly journals THE DESIGN OF A SLOTTED VERTICAL SCREEN BREAKWATER

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (20) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Gardner ◽  
I.H. Townend ◽  
C.A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
City Council ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Marine Site ◽  
A Site ◽  
Two Sides

This paper describes Che wave studies, model testing and structural design of a 250 metre long slotted vertical screen breakwater for a marina at Plymouth, England. The marina is being developed by Plymouth City Council to provide a purpose built facility for hosting the major long distance races that start or finish at Plymouth, in addition to the usual marina facilities for private boat owners. After examining three alternative locations Plymouth Council selected a site in the north-east corner of Plymouth Sound as shown in Figure 1. The site is confined on two sides by existing shipping channels and by a rocky shore on the land side. Exposure to wave attack is limited to the south west sector. Because the existing seabed at the marine site was the responsibility of the Duchy of Cornwall, an Act of Parliament was required before Plymouth Council could commence construction. The Act contains clauses regulating the use of the marina and the permissable changes to the wave conditions in the adjacent shipping channels.

A Feature-Based Account of Long-Distance Anaphora

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 133-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeran Lee
Keyword(s):  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Movement Theory ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Subject Orientation ◽  
Local Binding

In this paper, I aim to give a unified account of long-distance and localbinding phenomena and provide a single constrained theory of anaphors in the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1992, 1994, 1995a&b). In section 1, I criticize the LF movement theory which has been argued by Lebeaux (1983), Chomsky (1986), Pica (1987, 1991), Battistella (1989), Katada (1991) and others. In section 2, I provide a feature-based account of long-distance and local binding anaphors. In section 3, I discuss how feature-raising analysis can account for apparent long-distance binding phenomena in Picture-DP(or Picture-NP) constructions which have been treated exceptionally so far. Extending Section 3, I argue in section 4 that apparent long-distance binding phenomena in constructions containing expletives and non-person NPs result from morphological properties of the anaphor. In section 5, I argue that orientation of the antecedent (i.e. subject orientation or no particular orientation) naturally results from interaction between the proposed LF structure and feature raising. Finally, in section 6, I conclude that binding reduces to morphological properties, and hence Condition A of the binding theory can be dispensed with.

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