Managing orchard pests.

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-342
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Long ◽  
Gregory A. Lang ◽  
Kaiser Clive
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Arthropod Pests ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
Orchard Pests ◽  
Caliroa Cerasi

Abstract This chapter provides information on the various economically important insect and arthropod pests causing damage to cherry production, such as Rhagoletis indifferens, Drosophila suzukii, Choristoneura rosaceana, Tetranychus urticae and Caliroa cerasi, among others. Notes on their life cycle, damage and management methods are also presented.

Spatial distribution of spotted-wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and other insects in fruit of a sweet cherry (Rosaceae) orchard

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-473
Author(s):  
Amanda C. Chamberlain ◽  
Robert Lalonde ◽  
Howard M.A. Thistlewood
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
First Results ◽  
Southern Aspect ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens ◽  
Soft Fruits

AbstractSpotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of many small and soft fruits. We present the first results concerning its oviposition in the canopy of a sweet cherry (Prunus avium Linnaeus; Rosaceae) orchard. We examined the distribution of arthropods emerging from fruits of five cultivars ripening successively over seven weeks, in interior and border rows, within four regions of the tree canopy (top/bottom height × north/south aspect), and measured the associated fruit ripeness (ºBrix). Single fruits were reared for more than two weeks: 1328 arthropods emerged from 887 cherries in June, and 10 426 emerged from 1071 cherries in July. When populations were low, significantly more D. suzukii were present in the northernmost row and northern canopy aspect. Later, its distribution with respect to cherry row, height, and aspect was homogenous. Drosophila suzukii density per sweet cherry was highest in the latest ripening cultivar, when its distribution was not homogeneous; significantly more D. suzukii were in the centre than the southernmost row, in the lower canopy, and the southern aspect, than elsewhere. In the early season, single egg clutches were found without aggregation. As population density increased, so did intraspecific aggregation, but D. suzukii did not co-exist with other Drosophila Fallén species, nor with Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) when present.

Estimating temperature effects on Drosophila suzukii life cycle parameters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Winkler ◽  
Jeanette Jung ◽  
Benno Kleinhenz ◽  
Paolo Racca
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii

scholarly journals Study on the developmental Stages of Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) Infesting Country Bean

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmoon Naher ◽  
Md Wahedul Islam ◽  
M Khalequzzaman ◽  
Mohd Mainul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae Koch

The duration of developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied in different months of a year at room temperature. In addition fecundity of this mite was also observed in winter, autumn and summer seasons. T. urticae eggs hatched to larvae in the shortest duration of 1.07 ± 0.26 days and the longest duration of 11.67 ± 2.33 days in April and January, respectively. The larval period of T. urticae took the shortest time of 0.55 ± 0.50 days in May and 2.93 ± 1.07 days in December. The protonymph transformed to deutonymph in 0.89 ± 0.32 day in May and 3.71 ± 1.94 in December and January. The deutonymph required the shortest duration of 0.92 ± 0.41 days in August and the longest of 10.26 ± 1.48 days in January. The temperature played significant (P<0.001) role on the duration of developmental stages of T. urticae. The high temperature accelerated the developmental rate and reduced the duration of developmental periods. Its life cycle completed within 4.22 ± 0.46 days at 28.53 ± 3.17°C but 28.33 ± 2.36 days at 13.78 ± 2.36°C. A female T. urticae deposited 82.46 ± 4.11 eggs in autumn, 62.96 ± 12.09 eggs in summer and 58.21 ±1 3.65 eggs in winter. Key words: Developmental stages, Tetranychus urticae, temperature, fecundity   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3751 J. bio-sci. 16: 109-114, 2008

Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Betty Ruth Jones ◽  
Steve Chi-Tang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Taylor ◽  
Henrie Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wire Screen ◽  
Wide Mouth ◽  
Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

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