Production and processing of organically grown fiber nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and its potential use in the natural textile industry: A review

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Vogl ◽  
A. Hartl
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Fiber Plant ◽  
Organically Grown ◽  
Biodynamic Agriculture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

AbstractIn Europe, the perennial stinging nettle was cultivated during the 19th century until the Second World War and has a long history as a fiber plant. Clone varieties dating back to the early 20th century are still maintained at European research institutions. The fiber content of clones ranges from 1.2 to 16% dry matter, and fiber yields range from 0.14 to 1.28 Mg ha−1. Varietal purity of fiber nettle can only be achieved by planting cuttings. The harvesting of fiber starts in the second year of growth and the crop may produce well for several years. Several agronomic practices influence fiber quality, but causal relations are not yet well understood. Various parts of the fiber nettle plant can be used as food, fodder and as raw material for different purposes in cosmetics, medicine, industry and biodynamic agriculture. Organically produced fibers are in demand by the green textile industry and show potential that is economically promising.

scholarly journals Między Kijowem a Konstantynopolem Relacje Kościoła ukraińskiego z Patriarchatem Ekumenicznym (X–XXI w.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-95
Author(s):  
Konrad Kuczara
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

Relations between the Ukrainian Church and Constantinople were difficult. This goes back as far as 988, when the Christianisation of the Rus created a strong alliance between Kiev and the Byzantine Empire. There were times when Constantinople had no influence over the Kiev Metropolis. During the Mongolian invasion in 1240, the Ukranian region was broken up and Kiev lost its power. The headquarters of the Kiev Metropolis were first moved to Wlodzimierz nad Klazma in 1299 and then to Moscow in1325. In 1458 the Metropolis of Kiev was divided into two; Kiev and Moscow, but Kiev still remained under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Since that time, the orthodox hierarchs of Moscow no longer adhered to the title Bishop of Kiev and the whole of Rus and in 1588 the Patriarchate of Moscow was founded. In 1596 when  the Union of Brest was formed,  the orthodox church of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth was not liquidated. Instead it was formally revived in 1620 and in 1632 it was officially recognized by king Wladyslaw Waza. In 1686 the Metropolis of Kiev which until that time was under the Patriarchate of Constantinople was handed over to the jurisdiction of Moscow. It was tsarist diplomats that bribed the Ottoman Sultan of the time to force the Patriarchate to issue a decree giving Moscow jurisdiction over the Metropolis of Kiev. In the beginning of the 19th century, Kiev lost its Metropolitan status and became a regular diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. Only in the beginning of the 20thcentury, during the time of the Ukrainian revolution were efforts made to create an independent Church of Ukraine. In 1919 the autocephaly was announced, but the Patriarchate of Constantinople did not recognize it. . The structure of this Church was soon to be liquidated and it was restored again after the second world war at the time when Hitler occupied the Ukraine. In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Ukraine gained its independence, the Metropolitan of Kiev requested that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine becomes autocephalous but his request was rejected by the Patriarchate of Moscow. Until 2018 the Patriarchate of Kiev and the autocephalous Church remained unrecognized and thus considered schismatic. In 2018 the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople looked  into the matter and on 5thJanuary 2019, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine received it’s tomos of autocephaly from Constantinople. The Patriarchate of Moscow opposed the decision of Constantinople and as a result refused to perform a common Eucharist with the new Church of Ukraine and with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

scholarly journals Mental healthcare in Poland

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Jacek Bomba
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Modern mental healthcare in Poland has its foundations in the 19th century, when the country was subject to three different organisational and legal systems — of the Austrian, Prussian and Russian Empires. These differences prevailed even after the First World War. Professionals lobbying for a mental health act had no success. The Second World War left mental healthcare with significant losses among its professional groups. More than half of all Polish psychiatrists lost their lives; some of them were exterminated as Jews, some as prisoners of the Soviets. The Nazi occupation in Poland had dramatic consequences for people with a mental disturbance, as Action T4 turned into genocide on the Polish territory. The majority of psychiatric in-patients were killed. After the Second World War, the mental health system had to be rebuilt, almost from scratch. Major political changes in the country across the second part of the 20th century and revolutionary changes in mental healthcare around the world influenced psychiatric services. The purpose of this paper is to describe mental healthcare in Poland today.

China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. By J.A.G. Roberts [London: Reaktion Books, 2002. 256 pp. £19.95. ISBN 1-86189-133-4.]

2003 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 1119-1120
Author(s):  
David Y.H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Food Beliefs ◽  
Present Book ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Chinese Food

Following his earlier publication of three volumes of China through Western Eyes (1991–96), Roberts now concentrates on the Western perception of Chinese food and eating behaviour. In the first half of the present book, Roberts quotes travellers' tales from Marco Polo and other adventurers, personal journals of European missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries, reports of English envoys such as Lord Macartney, merchants of the 19th century, and journalists' accounts from the Second World War to the Cultural Revolution. Part one, “West to East” starts with a succinctly written introduction and a chapter that draws from anthropological works on Chinese diet, food beliefs, and table manners. Roberts then discusses Western perceptions (more often imaginations) of Chinese food, which transformed from curiosity to aversion, rejection, and eventual popular acceptance.

Cybernetic times: Norbert Wiener, John Stroud, and the ‘brain clock’ hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-108
Author(s):  
Henning Schmidgen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
World War ◽  
Norbert Wiener ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Clock Hypothesis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Brain

In 1955, Norbert Wiener suggested a sociological model according to which all forms of culture ultimately depended on the temporal coordination of human activities, in particular their synchronization. The basis for Wiener’s model was provided by his insights into the temporal structures of cerebral processes. This article reconstructs the historical context of Wiener’s ‘brain clock’ hypothesis, largely via his dialogues with John W. Stroud and other scholars working at the intersection of neurophysiology, experimental psychology, and electrical engineering. Since the 19th century, physiologists and psychologists have been conducting experimental investigations into the relation between time and the brain. Using innovative instruments and technologies, Stroud rehearsed these experiments, in part without paying any attention at all to the experimental traditions involved. Against this background, this article argues that the novelty of Wiener’s model relies largely on his productive rephrasing of physiological and psychological findings that had been established long before the Second World War.

New Challenges, New Elites? Changes in the Recruitment and Career Patterns of European Representative Elites

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Best
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Moral Integrity ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Recruitment Patterns ◽  
Western European ◽  
Expert Status ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

AbstractLong term changes in the recruitment patterns of European representative elites can be described as the aggregate result of selectorates' responses to a sequence of fundamental problems challenging polities since the emergence of modern representative political institutions in the 19th century. Recent data show that some long-term trends of (Western) European parliamentary recruitment like the increase of MPs with a public sector background have reversed or plateaued since the late 1980s. At the same time a rise in turnover, a decrease of incumbency and a growing diversity of recruitment patterns can be seen in the same group of polities. This paper explores whether and to what extent these changes are linked to changes in the party systems of Western European polities and whether new trends of parliamentary recruitment are emerging. It introduces the proposition that after the 'consensus challenge' of the post Second World War era a 'legitimacy challenge' is now shaping European legislative recruitment, increasing the value of social and cultural assets of candidates that are related to their expert-status and favouring properties signalling their moral integrity.

A century of physics in Oxford

1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bleaney
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

This paper gives a concise history of the development of physics in Oxford, mainly from the middle of the 19th century to 1945. The first part covers the origins of the old Clarendon Laboratory and the Electrical Laboratory. The second part is devoted to the new Clarendon Laboratory, constructed in 1938–39, and the work there during the Second World War, together with a brief summary of important changes in 1945–46.

scholarly journals Structural Transformation of the Textile Industry: The Case of the Republic of Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210
Author(s):  
Živorad Gligorijević ◽  
Enes Ćorović ◽  
Aleksandar Manasijević
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Second World War ◽  
New Production ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Second World

Abstract In the last few decades, the textile industry has been marked by great changes in its production and trade structure. Based on that, a greater involvement of this industry in the flows of international trade was initiated, with the stable intensification of the export positions of new production leaders. At the same time, this has led to key changes in the regional allocation of exports and imports of textile products. On the other hand, the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia has a long tradition and has had an important place in the structure of manufacturing industry for a long time. After the Second World War, the textile industry was one of the most important instruments of demographic and social policy. During the construction of the market system, the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia was unjustifiably neglected. Despite that fact, in the modern conditions, the textile industry has very important place in the exports structure of the Republic of Serbia. This paper gives specific theoretical and empirical recommendations to Serbian policy creators, through a comparison of the results of structural transformation of the textile industry at the global level and the results of this process in the textile industry of the Republic of Serbia.

Science and Festivity. The Cult and Idealization towards the Images of St. Cyril and Methodius and Some of their Students in Some Countries in the Black Sea Region during 1945-1990

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-249
Author(s):  
Elena Azmanova-Rudarska
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This paper follows the cult towards some of the St. Holy Seven Saints - St. Cyril, St. Methodius, St. Klement and St. Naum. The accent falls on countries like Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Turkeу and others. Scientific, as well as festivе manifestations are being reviewed during the anniversary years 1963, 1966 and 1969, and different scientific meetings, conferences and simposiums, which show the cult in new light. On one hand the article takes into account the scientific achievements from the middle of the 19th century until 1945, and on the other - after the Second World War. Known facts and hypotheses are being ideologized or moved aside, so that the new political landmarks can be emphasized. During these scientific forums Bulgaria was considered as a bridge between the East and the West.

Il welfare tedesco: un compromesso confessionale?

2013 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Stefan Leibold
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Second World War ◽  
West Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Welfare Model

From the end of the 19th century to the present, six political regimes followed one another in Germany: from the monarchy to the Weimar Republic, the national socialist dictatorship, the occupation by the allies after the Second World War, East Germany under Soviet influence, the new established capitalist West Germany and the reunified Germany (the "Berlin Republic" after 1990). Nevertheless, surprisingly enough, the structure of the German welfare state has shown a steady continuity over such a long span of time: Germany is a very prominent example of "path dependency" in matter of welfare state. This direction is characterized by a corporative stance in social policy and it involves economic associations, Unions, private welfare organizations and mainstream Churches as leading actors of this process. The article discusses whether or not the influence of religion is a cause for the distinct features of the German welfare state. It briefly draws on current analysis and a research project in Münster (Germany); it investigates the historical and ideological roots of the typical German welfare model, and the role religion played in that respect. Finally, it focuses upon the German welfare-state model from 1945 to the present.

scholarly journals Muddy Waters: Cross Currents in Fundraising and Its Control – 1907–1954

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-298
Author(s):  
Putnam Barber
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
State Governments ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

AbstractDuring the first half of the 20th century, many of the techniques of modern fundraising were developed. During these decades, fundraising demonstrated its potential for supporting important community goals, financing efforts to combat dread diseases, and initiating change in public policies. In this same span of years, community leaders, journalists, and policy makers became increasingly concerned with growing opportunities for inefficient or even downright dishonest fundraising. Local governments, federated fundraising organizers, and nonprofit charity ratings agencies attempted to forestall abuses of the public’s generosity. Further, during the Second World War, the federal government imposed significant controls on fundraising for war-related activities. The year 1954 saw the passage of new laws in two states that anticipated the most common form of charitable solicitations regulation in the second half of the century, a form that is widespread today. This paper traces developments from the end of the 19th century to show how the ground was prepared for post-war efforts by state governments to regulate charitable fundraising.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document