scholarly journals Protein and energy requirements for maintenance of indigenous Granadina goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
J. FonollÁ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Total N ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Sixteen adult castrated male goats of the Granadina breed, with initial live weights ranging from 26.0 to 33.3 kg were used in two experiments to determine their protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance measurements were made during the experiments. Two diets, which were based on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay alone or on this forage and barley, were individually given at about maintenance level once daily. Gas exchange was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Fasting heat production was also determined. By regression analysis endogenous urinary N and maintenance requirements for N were estimated to be 119 mg/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and 409 mg total N/kg W0.75 per d respectively. Fasting heat production was 324 kJ/kg W0.75. The energy requirement for maintenance was calculated by regression of energy balance on metabolizable energy (ME) intake and a value of 443 kJ/kg W0.75 per d was found. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 0.73.

Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jiang ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Seasonal energy intakes of 6- to 14-mo-old wapiti hinds were determined in energy balance trials under pen and field conditions in winter, spring and summer. Six animals grazed native pastures supplemented with alfalfa hay when pasture availability declined in winter. Another six were penned and fed alfalfa-barley pellets to maximize growth throughout the year. Season and diet-specific metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and liveweight gain were determined from regression of metabolizable energy intake on gain. Daily maintenance requirements of penned wapiti ranged from (mean ± SE) 473 ± 35 kJ kg−0.75 in winter to 728 ± 78 kJ kg−0.75 in summer. On spring and summer pasture, daily ecological maintenance requirements ranged from 900 ± 26 to 984 ± 37 kJ kg−0.75. Energy requirements for gain were the same in pen and field trials, ranging from 25 ± 6 to 33 ± 5 kJ g−1 in winter and from 40 ± 6 to 43 ± 12 kJ g−1 in spring and summer. This study provides basic information on the metabolizable energy needs of wapiti and insights into how their seasonal requirements can be optimally met. Key words: Elk, metabolizable energy requirement, growth, physiological maintenance, ecological maintenance, seasonality, energy balance

scholarly journals Maintenance requirements for energy in cross-bred cattle

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Patle ◽  
V. D. Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1. Twenty-seven energy and protein balances were done using nine cross-bred (Brown Swiss × Sahiwal) mature bullocks in a series of three balance trials. The bullocks were fed 75, 100 and 125 % of the metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein standard values recommended by the (US) National Research Council (1966). Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases2. Utilization of energy for maintenance and fat production was estimated by computing regression of energy balance v. digestible energy (DE) and ME separately on a metabolic body size (kg body-weight (W)0·75) basis. Maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of ME for lipogenesis were estimated using multiple regression of ME intake, also. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess nitrogen intake3. An attempt was made to measure basal heat production of bullocks so that the net energy requirements for maintenance could be estimated. Extrapolation of the regression line of energy balance v. ME intake below maintenance on a W0·75 basis gave a basal metabolism of 348·09 kJ/W0·75 per d4. Energy requirements for maintenance were (kJ/kg W0·75 per d): 539·43 DE, 448·81 ME and 348·09 net energy. The results of multiple regression gave a requirement of 432·15 kJ ME/kg W0·75 per d for maintenance5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 81·34% while for lipogenesis it was 54·5 %.

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dersjant-Li ◽  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
J. A. J. Verreth ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Significance Level

AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.

scholarly journals Fasting heat production and energy cost of standing activity in veal calves

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1315-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Labussière ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Jaap van Milgen ◽  
Gérard Bertrand ◽  
Jean Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Metabolic body size of veal calves is still calculated by using the 0·75 exponent and no data were available to determine energy cost of physical activity during the whole fattening period. Data from two trials focusing on protein and/or energy requirements were used to determine the coefficient of metabolic body size and the energy cost of standing activity in male Prim'Holstein calves. Total heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry in ninety-five calves weighing 60–265 kg and was divided using a modelling approach between components related to the BMR, physical activity and feed intake. The calculation of the energy cost of standing activity was based on quantifying the physical activity by using force sensors on which the metabolism cage was placed and on the interruption of an IR beam allowing the determination of standing or lying position of the calf. The best exponent relating zero activity fasting heat production (FHP0) to metabolic body size was 0·85, which differed significantly from the traditionally used 0·75. Per additional kJ metabolizable energy (ME) intake, FHP0 increased by 0·28 kJ; at a conventional daily 650 kJ/kg body weight (BW)0·85 ME intake, daily FHP0 averaged 310 kJ/kg BW0·85. Calves stood up sixteen times per day; total duration of standing increased from 5·1 to 6·4 h per day as animals became older. The hourly energy cost of standing activity was proportional to BW0·65 and was estimated as 12·4 kJ/kg BW0·65. These estimates allow for a better estimation of the maintenance energy requirements in veal calves.

EFFECTS OF CROSSBREEDING AND SEX ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION BY YOUNG PIGS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
R. SAISON
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

The influence of crossbreeding and sex on digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values, fasting heat production (FHP), energy requirement for maintenance and growth, and on the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy in young weanling pigs, was investigated by employing a comparative slaughter technique. The pigs obtained by insemination of Yorkshire sows with pooled semen (equal number of sperms) from purebred Yorkshire and Hampshire boars, were identified for genotype by blood-group typing. A total of 37 pigs was used in this study, of which 9 pigs selected at random were killed to provide the initial body composition and energy status of pigs in the feeding experiment. The remaining 28 pigs (16 purebred: 8 male and 8 female; and 12 crossbred: 6 male and 6 female) were allotted at random to a feeding experiment of a randomized complete block design involving a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (purebred vs. crossbred, male vs. female, and level of dietary energy input: 130 and 330 kcal ME/Wkg0.75 daily). One metabolism trial with each pig individually kept in a crate was conducted during the 4th week of the 40-day feeding period. The coefficients of DE and ME were 89.2 and 84.2%, respectively, and were not influenced by sex or genotype. An interaction was observed in the estimates of the fasting heat production and energy requirement for maintenance. Purebred Yorkshire males had a greater fasting heat production than Hampshire × Yorkshire males, whereas females of the two breeding groups had similar values. The apparent efficiency of utilization of ME was 76% and the net efficiency of utilization of ME available above maintenance was 66%. The energetic efficiency and the net energy value of the diet were similar for both breeding groups and sex. The mechanism of rapid gains due to crossbreeding was investigated.

scholarly journals Utilization of dietary energy for maintenance, milk production and lipogenesis by lactating crossbred cows during their midstage of lactation

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Patle ◽  
V. D. Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
Respiratory Gases

1. Twenty-four energy and nitrogen balances were determined using twenty-four crossbred cows (Brown Swiss × Sahiwal) during their midstage of lactation. Energy balances were estimated by subtracting milk energy and heat production from the metabolizable energy (me) intake. Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases. The cows were given amounts corresponding to 90, 110 and 130 % of the me and 90 and 110% of the digestible crude protein (DCP) standards of the (US) National Research Council (1966).2. Energy requirements were estimated by partitioning the me intake for maintenance, milk production and energy gain or loss by multiple regression of energy balance values. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess N intake.3. Energy requirements for maintenance were 585.18, 580.17 and 574.41 kJ me/kg body-weight0.75 per d for cows in negative balance, cows in positive balance and for all cows, respectively.4. The efficiency of utilization of me for milk production was 68.52, 65.48 and 66.12% respectively, for cows in negative balance, for cows in positive balance and all cows. Energy required per kg fat-corrected milk production was 4.580, 4.791 and 4.746 MJ me for the respective groups of cows.5. The efficiency of utilization of me for tissue gain was 67.67 and 64.86 % for cows in positive balance and for all cows respectively.

The efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in young sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
G. SEMIADI ◽  
C. W. HOLMES ◽  
T. N. BARRY ◽  
P. D. MUIR
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sambar Deer ◽  
Pelleted Diet

Two experiments each with two rates of feeding (maintenance and twice maintenance) were conducted during summer 1993/94 (Expt 1) and summer 1994/95 (Expt 2), at Massey University, New Zealand. Four sambar and four red deer, including stags and hinds aged 10–14 months, were used in each year. Animals were fed a pelleted diet (total N 30 g/kg DM; NDF 247 g/kg DM). Digestibility and nitrogen (N) balances were determined using deer metabolism cages, whilst methane production and heat production were determined using open circuit respiration calorimetry, with measurements made on each deer at both rates of feeding. Digestibility and metabolizability of energy were greater for sambar than for red deer in Expt 1 but not in Expt 2. Nitrogen retention, expressed as a proportion of N intake, was similar for sambar and red deer. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was 474 kJ kg W−0·75 d−1 for sambar deer and 567 kJ kg W−0·75 d−1 for red deer, whilst the efficiency of utilization of ME above maintenance (kg) was similar for sambar deer and red deer. These studies indicated that the sambar deer had lower rates of maintenance heat production than the red deer, which may explain the sambar's superior feed conversion measured in previous experiments. However, the two species utilized nitrogen with similar efficiency, when fed a high quality ration.

Seasonal changes in the energy and nitrogen intake in reindeer and caribou

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cyclical Pattern ◽  
Summer Growth ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The relation between energy intake and body weight of reindeer and caribou are summarized. The results indicate that caloric intake was 35–45% lower in winter than during the summer growth period. The relation between heat production and body weight also exhibited a cyclical pattern. Heat production per unit of metabolic weight decreased by 25% (mid-August to mid-November). From calorimetry studies, the relative proportions of protein and fat deposition from weaning to 12 months of age were estimated. The amount of digestible nitrogen required for N equilibrium amounted to 0.462 g N/W0.75 per day, a value comparable to those reported for cattle and sheep. The estimated metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance of a 70-kg reindeer in winter amounted to 5.5 Mcal/day, or about 200 kcal/W0.75perday.

A model for calculation of the energy requirements of the pregnant ewe

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A Geisler ◽  
C. Merryl Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Weight Carrying ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTA computer program is described which allows the calculation throughout pregnancy of the energy requirements of a ewe of any weight carrying any number of foetuses. The calculations rely on a prediction of potential lamb birth weight, from which a foetal growth curve of weight against time from conception is generated. Tied to the foetal growth curve are the growths of the placenta and fluids, while growth of the uterus is related to the ewe's weight at mating. Weights are converted to energy through energy density curves applicable through pregnancy for each component. An efficiency factor converts this energy requirement into a metabolizable energy requirement. With assumptions on the maintenance requirements for the ewe-foetus system, the total requirement for energy during pregnancy is calculated.Predictions from the model are compared with other estimates of energy requirements available in the literature. The sensitivity of the predictions of energy requirements for the pregnant ewe to variations in the assumptions made in the construction of the model is discussed. The most important assumptions are those on the maintenance requirements for the ewe-foetus system. Effects on the predicted energy requirements of varying either the efficiency for foetal growth or the gestation length are also discussed.

Observations on the effect of environmental temperature and environment at moult on the heat production and energy requirements of hens and cockerels of a White Leghorn strain

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. B. O'Neill ◽  
N. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Temperature Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

SUMMARYThe heat production of hens and cockerels of a White Leghorn strain (‘H & N’) was measured after acclimation to environmental temperatures of 16, 23, 27 and 33 °C. No difference in fasting heat production was found between 16 and 23 °C for well-feathered hens in the first few months after moult though there were substantial reductions at 27 °C and above. Both hens and cockerels showed a trend of increasing net availability of metabolizable energy with increasing environmental temperature though this was non-significant. There were significant reductions between 16 and 27 °C in the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance for both sexes.Results are also given for the heat production of laying hens exposed to short daylight periods and high or low environmental temperatures. Although the mean fasting heat production of the high-temperature group was greater, the difference was not statistically significant.

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