Citrus tristeza virus (citrus tristeza).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Cambra
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Abstract CTV is the most economically important virus pathogen of citrus worldwide. About 100 million citrus trees on sour orange have been killed by CTV decline epidemics in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Florida and California (USA), Israel, Spain, and other locations. With current estimates of approximately 45 million trees on sour orange killed by CTV in Spain (Cambra et al., 2000a; Vidal et al., 2012) from 1935 to date without T. citricida implication. It is estimated that worldwide, mainly in the Mediterranean basin citrus industries, there are over 200 million trees on sour orange rootstock which are at risk to this disease. Sour orange is popular because it produces a vigorous tree with high quality fruit, is adaptable to many soil conditions including high lime and salt content, and has tolerance to many other viruses, viroids and virus-like pathogens, and to Phytophthora. The use of tristeza-tolerant rootstocks often risks losses from other factors. In addition to decline, many severe CTV isolates cause stem pitting diseases of susceptible scion cultivars and these occur even when tolerant rootstocks are used. Stem pitting weakens trees and eventually reduces fruit size, quality and quantity (Marais et al., 1996). Grapefruit and lime are very sensitive to stem pitting. Sweet orange is more tolerant but can be severely affected by some isolates. Mandarin is the most tolerant among the main citrus cultivars against SP isolates.

scholarly journals Histology of Sweet Orange Stem Pitting Caused by an Australian Isolate of Citrus tristeza virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1169-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Brlansky ◽  
D. S. Howd ◽  
P. Broadbent ◽  
V. D. Damsteegt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Australian Isolate ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Some strains of the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) cause stem pitting in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). This abnormality causes tree decline and reduction in fruit size and yield of affected citrus trees. Stem-pitting symptoms can occur on trunks, on all sizes of limbs, and on the twigs where fruit are produced. Variously sized pits or grooves in the wood often contain a yellow gum. Irregular growth of the phloem occurs in the area of these xylem pits. The histology of stem pitting caused by an Australian CTV isolate was studied in sweet orange using light and electron microscopy. Using scanning electron microscopy, details of the wood pits containing the gumming material were revealed. In thin sections of bark tissue, outgrowths of the phloem tissue were found at various intervals that corresponded to the pits in the wood. Higher numbers of viral inclusions were detected in the phloem outgrowths than were present in the other sieve elements.

scholarly journals Stem-Pitting Citrus tristeza virus Predominantly Transmitted by the Brown Citrus Aphid from Mixed Infections Containing Non-Stem-Pitting and Stem-Pitting Isolates

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Brlansky ◽  
Avijit Roy ◽  
V. D. Damsteegt
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Citrus Spp ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited Closterovirus that produces a variety of symptoms in various Citrus spp. One of these symptoms is stem pitting (SP). SP does not occur in all Citrus spp. but when it does it may cause low tree vigor, decline, and an economic reduction in fruit size and yield. Historically, the first appearance of CTV-SP in a citrus area often occurs after the introduction of the most efficient CTV vector, the brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citricida. Hypotheses for this association range from the introduction of these strains in new planting materials to the increased ability of BCA to transmit SP strains from existing CTV sources. It is known that CTV often exists as a complex of isolates or subisolates. Single and multiple BCA transmissions have been used to separate different genotypes or strains of CTV from mixed CTV infected plants. This study was initiated to determine what the BCA transmits when an exotic severe SP CTV isolate B12 from Brazil or B408 from Dominican Republic are mixed with a non-SP (NSP) isolate, FS627 from Florida. Biological and molecular data was generated from grafted mixtures of these isolates and their aphid-transmitted subisolates. Single-strand conformation polymorphism patterns of the 5′ terminal region of open reading frame (ORF) 1a, the overlapping region of ORF1b and ORF2, and the major coat protein gene region of NSP and SP CTV-grafted plants remained unchanged but the patterns of doubly inoculated plants varied. The haplotype diversity within SP isolates B12, B408, and mixtures of NSP and SP isolates (FS627/B12 and FS627/B408) and aphid-transmitted subisolates from doubly inoculated plants was determined by analysis of the haplotype nucleotide sequences. Aphid transmission experiments, symptoms, and molecular analyses showed that SP-CTV was more frequently transmitted with or without NSP-CTV from mixed infections.

scholarly journals Severity of Citrus tristeza virus Isolates from Texas

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Herron ◽  
T.E. Mirkov ◽  
N. N. Solís-Gracia ◽  
C.J. Kahlke ◽  
M. Skaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Lower Rio Grande Valley ◽  
Mexican Lime ◽  
Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates collected from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in south Texas and east Texas were characterized using citrus indicators and molecular methods. The citrus indicators were Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia), sour orange (C. aurantium), sweet orange (C. sinensis) grafted to sour orange, Duncan grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and Madam Vinous sweet orange, with some CTV isolates additionally indexed using the Texas commercial grapefruit cvs. Rio Red and Star Ruby, and Marrs and N-33 sweet orange. Severity ratings used 11 biotype groups or cumulative mean relative indices. Molecular characterization was carried out using poly- and monoclonal antibodies, seven strain-specific probes and single-stranded conformational polymorphism, and all were based on the CTV major coat protein or gene. All Texas CTV isolates produced vein clearing symptoms on inoculated Mexican lime plants. Over half of the CTV isolates tested were placed in biotype groups IX and X (causing decline of sweet orange on sour orange, seedling yellows on sour orange and grapefruit seedlings, and stem pitting of grapefruit or sweet orange), and one isolate was in biotype I (mild).

scholarly journals Stability of Citrus tristeza virus protective isolates in field conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Tenório Costa ◽  
William Mário de Carvalho Nunes ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Zanutto ◽  
Gerd Walter Müller
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism ◽  
The North ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

The objective of this work was to monitor the maintenance of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) protective isolates stability in selected clones of 'Pêra' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), preimmunized or naturally infected by the virus, after successive clonal propagations. The work was carried out in field conditions in the north of Paraná State, Brazil. Coat protein gene (CPG) analysis of 33 isolates collected from 16 clones of 'Pêra' sweet orange was performed using single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP). Initially, the isolates were characterized by symptoms of stem pitting observed in clones. Then viral genome was extracted and used as template for the amplification of CPG by reverse transcription polimerase chain reaction (RTPCR). RTPCR products electrophoretic profiles were analyzed using the Jaccard coefficient and the UPGMA method. The majority of the clones had weak to moderate stem pitting symptoms and its CTV isolates showed alterations in the SSCP profiles. However, the stability of the protective complex has been maintained, except for isolates from two analised clones. Low genetic variability was observed within the isolates during the studied years.

scholarly journals Serological Differentiation of the Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates Causing Stem Pitting in Sweet Orange

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Nikolaeva ◽  
Alexander V. Karasev ◽  
Stephen M. Garnsey ◽  
Richard F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Elisa Format ◽  
Strong Positive Signal ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Polyclonal Serum ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) complex comprises a number of isolates or strains producing several economically important disease syndromes in commercial Citrus spp. The stem pitting syndrome is the most important, and causes substantial losses in many citrus-producing regions of the world. In an attempt to develop a serological tool to rapidly differentiate stem pitting isolates of CTV, we evaluated many combinations of trapping and detecting antibodies in an indirect double-antibody sandwich (I-DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two combinations of trapping and detecting antibodies were found suitable for differentiating stem pitting isolates in extracts of infected sweet orange plants. One used a polyclonal serum raised against bacterially expressed CTV coat protein (CP) for trapping and a conformational monoclonal antibody 3E10 for detection, and the other used two polyclonal antisera generated against bacterially expressed CTV CP. Seventy-six CTV isolates from 20 countries, including 35 that cause stem pitting in sweet orange plants, were analyzed in I-DAS-ELISA using different combinations of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for trapping and as intermediate detecting antibodies. The ELISA format developed produces a strong positive signal for CTV isolates that cause stem pitting in sweet orange plants and a negative ELISA signal for CTV isolates that do not cause stem pitting. When combined with data on a universal ELISA format, i.e., reacting with a broad range of CTV isolates, these selective ELISA formats allowed reliable serological differentiation of CTV isolates that caused stem pitting in infected sweet orange plants.

scholarly journals Natural Field Spread of Decline and Nondecline Inducing Isolates of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Florida after the Introduction of the Brown Citrus Aphid

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Powell ◽  
R.R. Pelosi ◽  
M.S. Burton ◽  
P.A. Rundell ◽  
M.A. Ritenour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

The effectiveness of seven different aphid control regimes in delaying movement of decline (DI) and nondecline (NDI) inducing isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) into a CTV-free sweet orange scion on sour orange rootstock block was monitored annually for 5 years beginning in 1999, 2 years after the introduction of the brown citrus aphid (BrCA) into the region. After 5 years, the mean percentages of infection with DI CTV were 19, 19, 17, 29, 23, 19, or 14 for trees treated annually with imidocloprid, every 6 months with imidocloprid, every 3 months with imidocloprid, every 2 months with imidocloprid, annually with Temik, annually with Meta Systox-R, or untreated, respectively. The mean percentages of infection (after 5 years) with only NDI isolates of CTV for the seven treatments were 40, 31, 33, 38, 38, 38, or 33. There was no significant difference (after 5 years) among either the DI or NDI CTV treatment means. The overall 5-year infection percentage for DI CTV (20%) was somewhat lower than that reported before the introduction of the BrCA (27%) (11). Aphid densities (Toxoptera citricidus and Aphis spiraecola) varied considerably from year to year. Good aphid control was achieved with all four imidocloprid treatments, but not with Temik or Meta Systox-R. The level of aphid control did not influence overall CTV infection percentages.

scholarly journals Natural Field Spread of Mild and Severe Isolates of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Powell ◽  
R. R. Pelosi ◽  
R. C. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Severe Isolate ◽  
Citrus Tristeza

The effectiveness of five different aphid control regimes in delaying movement of mild and severe isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) into a CTV-free sweet orange scion on sour orange rootstock block was monitored annually for 5 years, using severe isolate-specific and isolate-nonspecific monoclonal antibodies. The average percentage of trees infected with a severe isolate of CTV was 32, 32, 20, 25, and 28 for trees treated with Temik, Temik + Meta-Systox R (MSR), MSR, stylet oil, or no aphid control, respectively, at the conclusion of the experiment (5 years). These percentages were not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). The average percentage of trees infected only with mild isolates was 13, 10, 7, 7, and 17 for the above treatments, respectively. The infection with mild isolates was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) with no aphid control than with stylet oil or MSR treatments.

Deep sequencing and analysis of small RNAs in sweet orange grafted on sour orange infected with two citrus tristeza virus isolates prevalent in Sicily

2015 ◽  
Vol 160 (10) ◽  
pp. 2583-2589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Licciardello ◽  
Giuseppe Scuderi ◽  
Rosario Ferraro ◽  
Annalisa Giampetruzzi ◽  
Marcella Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Tristeza Virus ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Citrus Tristeza
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