Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Pathogenic Organism

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, fruit and vegetables and decaying plant material, and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE: Causes a wet, pale brown soft rot of many fruit and vegetables. Particularly severe in storage on sweet potatoes, peaches and strawberries. Known as 'whiskers' because of profuse mycelial growth or 'leek' because of soft watery rot. Mildly parasitic to maturing fruit before they are harvested but primarily a wound invading fungus. It is reported as poisoning man (RMVM 6, 1831) and cattle (RMVM 6, 2161) and, experimentally, rats (RMVM 6, 1831). This species has been reported from various phycomycoses of man (RMVM 7, 1885, 3081, 4440; 11, 406), from bovine mycotic abortion (RMVM 6, 2145) and is reported to be experimentally pathogenic to rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027). However, doubt is cast on the role of R. stolonifer as a pathogenic organism in warm-blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores and also by fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) associated with decaying fruits (43, 576).

Mucor racemosus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Mucor Racemosus ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Pathogenic Organism

Abstract A description is provided for Mucor racemosus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, animal droppings, air, stored fruit and vegetables and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE: Plants: Causes a spongy storage rot of various vegetables and fruit, e.g. sweet potatoes, potatoes and citrus, when kept at temperatures below 7°C (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). Man and animals: There are reports from bovine mycotic abortion (Austwick & Venn, 1962), avian pulmonary phycomycosis (RMVM 8, 596) and from skin in disease of guineapig (RMVM 7, 2000). However, doubt is cast on the role of M. racemosus as a pathogenic organism in warm blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

Rhizopus oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Vascular Involvement ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Diabetic Rabbits

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In air, soil, compost, and pathogenic for plants, man and other warm blooded animals. DISEASE: Plants: Often in association with R. stolonifer or other fungi, causes pale brown soft rot of fruit, vegetables and bulbs, especially rot of sweet potatoes (Harter et al., 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925; 52, 4179 (as R. nodosus)), root rot of sugar beet (Hildebrand & Koch, 1943; Gaskill & Seliskar, 1952; 52, 1718) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Also, again in association as above, causes storage rot of many plant products (53, 99) including soyabean seed (54, 1959). Man and animals: Cause of rhinocerebral phycomycosis, sometimes with ocular or vascular involvement in man, particularly diabetics (RMVM 6, 504, 3028; 5, 1426; 8, 2113; 9, 2410). Also reported from bovine mycotic abortion (Nicolet et al., 1966) and from mycotic pneumonia in chicks (RMVM 7, 1861). Has been used in experimental infection of mice, thyroidectomized rats (RMVM 6, 2119) and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Bacterial Soft Rot ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of plants affecting particularly their fleshy parts. Elliott (31: 105) lists species belonging to 44 genera as hosts. DISEASE: Bacterial soft rot, a rapidly progressing soft wet rot. The first sign is usually a small water-soaked area, which rapidly enlarges, the tissue becoming soft. In favourable conditions the whole infected organ may become a rotten mass in a few days. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are likely to be present in any natural soil in which there is decaying plant material. They can be transmitted by many different methods, including, rain splash, running water, insects, tools, hands and clothing of workers, machinery, in air-borne particles and aerosols. They may possibly be carried with seed in the attached debris, but this is unhkely to be important in normal agriculture. The organism requires a wound to gain entry, and usually a weakened or sickly plant if the rot is to proceed in the growing plant. Most healthy growing plants are able to exclude the bacteria by laying down corky tissue in response to the wounding.

Rhizopus stolonifer. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Artocarpus Integrifolia

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus stolonifer. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On fruits: papaya, plum, strawberry, sweet potato, cotton, groundnuts and in rhizosphere soil of various plants, soil and decaying leaves. DISEASE: Causing fruit rot of plum, Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia[Artocarpus integer]), strawberry ('leak'), peach and a rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne and also by fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, associated with decaying fruit (RAM 43, 576).

Penicillium expansum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Wounds And Injuries ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Blue Mould

Abstract A description is provided for Penicillium expansum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).

Rhizopus oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Cerebral Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Rhizopus oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil and compost and also pathgenic for plants and man (causing mycoses). DISEASES: Plants: Causing a rot of sweet potatoes (Harter et al., 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925), sugar-beet (Hildebrand & Koch; 1943, Gaskill & Saliskar, 1962) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Man. A cause of phycomycosis (syn. 'mucormycosis'); see Emmons et al. (1963, p. 194). Cerebral infection is not uncommon (RMVM 2, 1627, 1628, 2148) and a fatal case of rhinocerebral infection has been fully described by La Touche et al. (RMVM 4, 2028; 5, 390). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.

scholarly journals Engineered Nanomaterials Suppress the Soft Rot Disease (Rhizopus stolonifer) and Slow Down the Loss of Nutrient in Sweet Potato

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2572
Author(s):  
Lin-Jiang Pang ◽  
Muhammed Adeel ◽  
Noman Shakoor ◽  
Ke-Rui Guo ◽  
Dai-Fu Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Postharvest Storage ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Soft Rot Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

About 45% of the world’s fruit and vegetables are wasted, resulting in postharvest losses and contributing to economic losses ranging from $10 billion to $100 billion worldwide. Soft rot disease caused by Rhizopus stolonifer leads to postharvest storage losses of sweet potatoes. Nanoscience stands as a new tool in our arsenal against these mounting challenges that will restrict efforts to achieve and maintain global food security. In this study, three nanomaterials (NMs) namely C60, CuO, and TiO2 were evaluated for their potential application in the restriction of Rhizopus soft rot disease in two cultivars of sweet potato (Y25, J26). CuO NM exhibited a better antifungal effect than C60 and TiO2 NMs. The contents of three important hormones, indolepropionic acid (IPA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA-3), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the infected J26 sweet potato treated with 50 mg/L CuO NM were significantly higher than those of the control by 14.5%, 10.8%, and 24.1%. CuO and C60 NMs promoted antioxidants in both cultivars of sweet potato. Overall, CuO NM at 50 mg/L exhibited the best antifungal properties, followed by TiO2 NM and C60 NM, and these results were further confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The use of CuO NMs as an antifungal agent in the prevention of Rhizopus stolonifer infections in sweet potatoes could greatly reduce postharvest storage and delivery losses.

Diseases of the kumara crop

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 402-402
Author(s):  
S.L. Lewthwaite ◽  
P.J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
Pink Rot

The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores

Mutual Fund Equity Allocations World Wide and the Role of International GAAP Differences*

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jere R. Francis ◽  
Shawn X. Huang ◽  
Inder K. Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Fund ◽  
World Wide

scholarly journals I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigimaria Borruso ◽  
Alice Checcucci ◽  
Valeria Torti ◽  
Federico Correa ◽  
Camillo Sandri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Beneficial Role ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Indri Indri ◽  
Lemur Species

AbstractHere, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut mycobiome of indri (Indri indri), an endangered lemur species able to survive only in wild conditions. The soil eaten by indri resulted in enriched secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris’ faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) commonly associated with soil and plant material were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples. On the contrary, some taxa with pathogenic potentials, such as Cryptococcus, were only found in indri samples. Further, many saprotrophs and plant-associated fungal taxa were detected in the indri faeces. These fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. In conclusion, we found an intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, highlighting, once again, the potential consequent impacts on the wider habitat.

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