Spectrum of all microorganism isolated from surgical site infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile

Surgical site infection are the most common nosocomial infection accounting for 14% healthcare associated infection and are estimated to double the post-operative stay and significantly increase the cost of care. Surgical site infection has been considered as the third regularly occurring infection according to national nosocomial infection surveillance system.To determine the bacterial agents causing surgical site infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated microorganisms.: Isolate and identify pathogens of surgical site infection. To determine antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity pattern of isolated wound microbes. To determine the frequency of pathogens of surgical site infection.: Samples were cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar then incubated at 37 C for 24 hours. Any growth for further confirmed by Gram stain and appropriate biochemical tests, and then Antibiotic sensitivity test was done.: In this study 106 (61.7) were of male and 66 (38.3) were of female total 172 were examined. In our study total 172 patients included in which 142 pathogenic organism were isolated. The most common pathogenic organism found to be 44 isolates (30.99%) followed by 41 isolates (28.87%) 23 isolates (16.20%), 18 isolates (12.68%), 9 isolates (6.34%), 5 isolates (3.52%), 1 isolate (0.70%) and 1 isolate (0.70%). Antimicrobial resistance always pose challenges for clinician for treating wound infection the present study guide clinician about common pathogens and countered in pus sample furthermore it help the clinician to select and treat patients with proper antibiotics and decreased mortality and morbidity.

Effects of kefir consumption on carbohydrate profile of mother’s milk

Background: Human milk contains the nutrients necessary for the growth and development of babies as it contains essential bioactive components to support the immune system. Galactooligosaccharides which are important indigestible prebiotics, help multiply the growth of beneficial microorganisms selectively and inhibit the growth of the pathogenic organism. The nutrition of the mother is essential since it affects the composition of mother’s milk. Kefir affects the digestive system, lactose intolerance immune system, anti-microbial effects, probiotic and prebiotic features. However, there is no report on how kefir consumption may have effects on composition of mother’s milk. In this aspect, this study aimed to determine the effects of kefir consumption on the carbohydrate profiles of the mother’s milk. Methods: This study started immediately after birth, mothers were fed with 500 ml/day of kefir made from kefir grains for 30 days in the KF group. Mothers who are in the control group (KI) continued their regular diet. Mother’s milk was collected on the 10th, 20th, and 30th day and stored at 4ºC. Carbohydrate profile including GOS was determined using the liquid chromatographic method with the HI-PLEX column.Results: The mean lactose concentrations of mother’s milk who consumed kefir were 4,68; 4,72; 5,89 g/100ml on days 10th, 20th, and 30th, respectively. Glucose concentrations were 0,29; 0,08; 0,21 g/100ml on 10th, 20th, 30th days, respectively. For the mother’s milk samples in the control group, the averages of lactose concentration were 5,42; 5,73; 5,51 g/100ml on days 10th, 20th, and 30th. GOS peaks were specified depending on the rich content of prebiotics. Conclusion: Consumption of authentic kefir may have effect on carbohydrate profile, including GOS of mother’s milk. Keywords: Human milk, kefir, prebiotic, galactooligosaccharides

Aggrandizement of fermented cucumber through the action of autochthonous probiotic cum starter strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus

Purpose Cucumber fermentation is traditionally done using lactic acid bacteria. The involvement of probiotic cultures in food fermentation guarantees enhanced organoleptic properties and protects food from spoilage. Methods Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria were isolated from spontaneously fermented cucumber and identified to species level. Only strains adjudged as safe for human consumption were examined for their technological and functional characteristics. Strain efficiency was based on maintaining high numbers of viable cells during simulated GIT conditions and fermentation, significant antioxidant activity, EPS production, nitrite degradation, and antimicrobial ability against Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Result Two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NPL 1258 and Pediococcus pentosaceus NPL 1264, showing a suite of promising functional and technological attributes, were selected as a mixed-species starter for carrying out a controlled lactic acid fermentations of a native cucumber variety. This consortium showed a faster lactic acid-based acidification with more viable cells, at 4% NaCl and 0.2% inulin (w/v) relative to its constituent strains when tested individually. Sensory evaluation rated the lactofermented cucumber acceptable based on texture, taste, aroma, and aftertaste. Conclusion The results suggest that the autochthonous LAB starter cultures can shorten the fermentation cycle and reduce pathogenic organism’ population, thus improving the shelf life and quality of fermented cucumber. The development of these new industrial starters would increase the competitiveness of production and open the country’s frontiers in the fermented vegetable market.

Engineering Properties of Sandy soil Improvement with Bacillus Simplex

Purpose: Stabilization of weak soil can be achieved through different methods, some of which include: jet column, cement stabilization and fly ash stabilization. Unfortunately, the use of the aforementioned methods of soil improvement affects the environment negatively thereby leading to environmental degradation. With the aforesaid impediment in mind, the need for devising methods of weak soil improvement becomes pertinent. Methods: Bacillus sp. - a non-pathogenic organism found abundantly in soil - was investigated in this study as a potential agent of soil improvement. The usability of Bacillus sp. in soil improvement was investigated with direct shear tests and permeability tests under optimum conditions in this study.Result: Time-dependent study on the effect of the ureolytic bacteria Bacillus simplex induced calcium carbonate precipitation shows reduction in permeability and increase in the strength of the soil under study. On exhaustion of the available nutrients in the soil however, the strength of the soil is not negatively impacted.Conclusion: Microbially induced calcium precipitation by Bacillus sp. is effective in soil improvement as such it may serve as substitute for conventional soil stabilisation techniques. The ability of the bacteria to precipitate calcium carbonate in the soil leads to reduction in the permeability and increase in the shear strength of the soil.

Cyanobacteria-shrimp colonies in the Mariana Islands

Cyanobacteria have multifaceted ecological roles on coral reefs. Moorena bouillonii, a chemically rich filamentous cyanobacterium, has been characterized as a pathogenic organism with an unusual ability to overgrow gorgonian corals, but little has been done to study its general growth habits or its unique association with the snapping shrimp Alpheus frontalis. Quantitative benthic surveys, and field and photographic observations were utilized to develop a better understanding of the ecology of these species, while growth experiments and nutrient analysis were performed to examine how this cyanobacterium may be benefiting from its shrimp symbiont. Colonies of M. bouillonii and A. frontalis displayed considerable habitat specificity in terms of occupied substrate. Although found to vary in abundance and density across survey sites and transects, M. bouillonii was consistently found to be thriving with A. frontalis within interstitial spaces on the reef. Removal of A. frontalis from cyanobacterial colonies in a laboratory experiment altered M. bouillonii pigmentation, whereas cyanobacteria-shrimp colonies in the field exhibited elevated nutrient levels compared to the surrounding seawater.

MtrA regulation of essential peptidoglycan cleavage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection

The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is largely due to its ability to withstand multiple stresses encountered in the host. Here, we present a data-driven model that captures the dynamic interplay of environmental cues and genome-encoded regulatory programs in Mtb. The model captures the genome-wide distribution of cis-acting gene regulatory elements and the conditional influences of transcription factors at those elements to elicit environment-specific responses. Analysis of transcriptional responses that may be essential for Mtb to survive acidic stress within the maturing macrophage, identified regulatory control by the MtrAB two-component signal system. Using genome-wide transcriptomics as well as imaging studies, we have characterized the MtrAB circuit by tunable CRISPRi knockdown in both Mtb and the non-pathogenic organism, M. smegmatis (Msm). These experiments validated the essentiality of MtrA in Mtb, but not Msm. We identified that MtrA regulates multiple enzymes that cleave cell wall peptidoglycan and is required for efficient cell division. Moreover, our results suggest that peptidoglycan cleavage, regulated by MtrA, is necessary for Mtb to survive intracellular stress. Further, we present MtrA as an attractive drug target, as even weak repression of mtrA results in loss of Mtb viability and completely clears the bacteria with low-dose isoniazid or rifampicin treatment.

MICROBIOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF THE ORAL AND PUMP METHODS OF INFLATING GOAT CARCASSES

Two methods of inflating goat carcasses prior to dehairing - the oral and the mechanical pump • are compared for efficiency and microbial contamination. The mechanical pump method was found to be two times faster, to have less total bacterial load with no pathogenic organism as seen in the oral method.

Biochemical Changes in the leaf galls of Cinnamomum Verum Presl. (Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum) induced by unknown Eriophyes sp.

The genus Cinnamomum is a member of a tropical evergreen tree of the Lauraceae family. In its wild state, it grows up to 7m (56 ft). Cinnamomum verum Presl. (Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is of commercial value and is extensively used in culinary as a spice in food and the ayurvedic system of medicine. One of the major diseases, causing severe losses in yield, thus affecting the economy in India is the leaf gall disease of Cinnamon. To understand the host-pathogen interactions, it becomes obligatory to estimate the proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc. present in a particular host plant quantitatively, to draw meaningful conclusions on host-pathogen interaction. The pathogen is always associated with the infection caused to a healthy plant. Eventually, biochemical changes take place in the diseased tissue. The pathogenic organism releases cell secretion, which comprises of various cell metabolites which alter the metabolism of the diseased tissue. In the present investigation, changes in the biochemical profile of healthy and diseased leaf of Cinnamon has been attempted, and the results have been discussed in the light of pathogenicity, induced by unknown Eriophyes sp.

329. Performance of Next Generation Sequencing in Isolating a Pathogen in Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections

Background Osteoarticular infections are often encountered in the pediatric population. Therapy is guided by isolation of a putative organism, however, operative cultures are often negative. Next generation sequencing (NGS) allows for more sensitive sampling of body compartments generally considered sterile. We sought to evaluate the utility of NGS in comparison to culture in detecting a pathogenic organism in acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Methods This was a single-site study to evaluate the utility of NGS in comparison to culture in detecting a pathogenic organism in acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Eligible patients were all patients with osteomyelitis or septic arthritis admitted to Rady Children’s Hospital from July 2019 through July 2020. We excluded any patients with bone or joint surgery within 30 days prior to admission. Operative samples were chosen at the surgeon’s discretion (joint aspirate, synovium, or bone) based on operative findings. We compared NGS testing to standard care culture from the same site. Results We enrolled 41 subjects. NGS of the operative samples identified a pathogen in 26 (63.4%) patients versus 18 (43.9%) by culture. Operative culture missed the diagnosis in 10 cases, though PCR identified the organism in 6 of those cases (5 were cases in which Kingella kingae was identified). In 4 subjects, NGS identified a putative organism where standard care testing (either PCR or culture) was negative. NGS was falsely positive in 1 subject and falsely negative for one other subject. Sensitivity was 96.3% (CI 95%, 81.0–99.9%) and Specificity was 92.9% (CI 95%, 66.1–99.8) for NGS versus 64.3% (CI 95%, 44.1–81.4) and 84.6% (CI 95%, 54.6–99.9%) for culture respectively. Conclusion In this single site prospective study of pediatric osteoarticular infections, we demonstrate improved sensitivity and specificity of NGS testing when compared to standard culture. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures