Erwinia mallotivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Mallotus Japonicus ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia mallotivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot. The disease starts as water-soaked spots on the newly developing leaves in May and June. The spots tend to form close to the main veins. They enlarge and become angular as they are restricted by the veins, becoming dark brown, and often with a chlorotic halo about 1 mm wide. Spots may coalesce and kill the leaf, and shoot blight may also occur. Under humid conditions bacteria may exude on to the leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably rain splash plays a part at least in secondary spread.

Cercospora malayensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora malayensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Hibiscus abelmoschus (musk mallow), H. cannabinus (deccan hemp), H. esculentus (okra), H. fisculatus, H. mutabilis, H. sabdariffa, H. suranensis, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Sphaeralcea cisplaniina. DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of Hibiscus spp. The first symptoms are yellowish patches on the leaf surface. These then become necrotic and gradually expand into irregular greyish brown leaf spots with dark brown to purple borders, surrounded by a pale yellow halo. Ultimately the necrotic areas become shrivelled and crack (30, 445). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fungus is found wherever Hibiscus is cultivated (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe; Asia: Borneo, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea; North America: West Indies (Jamaica, Trinidad, Cuba); South America: Colombia, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia.

Septoria socia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria socia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum leucanthemum[Leucanthemum vulgare] and by inoculation on Chrysanthemum morifolium, C. maximum, C. parthenium, C. segetum and Achillea ptarmica (Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965). DISEASE: Leaf spot of ox-eye daisy, C. leucanthemum. Lesions few, conspicuous on the upper side, rarely confluent, necrotic areas, becoming chocolate brown and later darker or even black, with a reddish purple border, 5 mm across. Lesions are confined to the lower leaves of the plant. Severe infection involving the entire leaf surface during moist conditions causes premature death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Pakistan and U.S.S.R. (Literature, Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Not known. It is possible that, like other Septoria spp. on Chrysanthemum this species may be disseminated by rain-splash and by contact.

scholarly journals First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot on Sugar Beet in Serbia

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stojšin ◽  
J. Balaž ◽  
D. Budakov ◽  
Slaviša Stanković ◽  
I. Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Gyrb Gene ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot

A severe bacterial leaf spot was observed during June and July 2013 on commercial cultivars of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) in the Vojvodina Province of Serbia. Serbia is a major sugar beet production area in southeastern Europe, with 62,895 ha and 3 million tons of sugar beet yield in 2013. A foliar leaf spot observed in 25 commercial sugar beet fields surveyed ranged from 0.1 to 40% severity. Symptoms were characterized as circular or irregular, 5- to 20-mm diameter, white to light brown necrotic spots, each with a dark margin. Diseased leaves were rinsed in sterilized, distilled water (SDW) and dried at room temperature, and leaf sections taken from the margin of necrotic tissue were macerated in SDW. Isolations from 48 symptomatic leaves onto nutrient agar with 5% (w/v) sucrose (NAS) produced bacterial colonies that were whitish, circular, dome-shaped, and Levan-positive. Representative isolates (n = 105) were Gram negative; aerobic; positive for catalase, fluorescence on King's medium B, and tobacco hypersensitivity; and negative for oxidase, potato rot, and arginine dehydrolase. These reactions corresponded to LOPAT group Ia, which includes Pseudomonas syringae pathovars (2). Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (rep)-PCR was used for genetic fingerprinting the isolates using the REP, ERIC, and BOX primers. Twenty-five different profiles were obtained among the strains. From each profile group, one representative strain was sequenced for the gyrB gene (1). Four heterogenic groups were observed, and representative gyrB gene sequences of each group were deposited in the NCBI GenBank (Accession Nos. KJ950024 to KJ950027). The sequences were compared with those of pathotype strain P. syringae pv. aptata CFBP 1617 deposited in the PAMDB database; one strain was 100% homologous, and the other three were 99% homologous. To fulfill identification of the Serbian sugar beet isolates, gltA and rpoD partial gene sequences were determined (1), and the sequences were deposited as Accession Nos. KM386838 to KM386841 for gltA and KM386830 to KM38683033 for rpoD. The sequences were 100% homologous with those of pathotype strain CFBP 1617. Pathogenicity of each of four representative bacterial strains was tested on 3-week-old plants of the sugar beet cultivars Marinela, Serenada, and Jasmina (KWS, Belgrade, Serbia) and Lara (NS Seme, Novi Sad, Serbia) by atomizing a bacterial suspension of ~106 CFU/ml of the appropriate isolate onto the abaxial leaf surface of three plants per cultivar until water-soaking of the leaf surface was observed. Three plants of each cultivar atomized similarly with P. syringae pv. aptata CFBP 2473 and SDW served as positive and negative control treatments, respectively. Inoculated plants were kept in a clear plastic box at 80 to 100% RH and 17 ± 1°C and examined for symptom development over 3 weeks. For all test isolates and the control strain, inoculated leaves first developed water-soaked lesions 7 days after inoculation (DAI). By 10 to 14 DAI, lesions were necrotic and infection had spread to the petioles. By 21 DAI, wilting was observed on more than 50% of inoculated plants. Negative control plants were symptomless. Bacteria re-isolated onto NAS from inoculated leaves had the same colony morphology, LOPAT results, and gyrB partial gene sequences as described for the test strains. No bacteria were re-isolated from negative control plants. Based on these tests, the pathogen causing leaf spot on sugar beet in Serbia was identified as P. syringae pv. aptata. References: (1) P. Ferrente and M. Scortichini. Plant Pathol. 59:954, 2010. (2) R. A. Lelliott et al. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966.

Septoria apiicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria apiicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Apium spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot (or late blight) of cultivated and wild celery and celeriac. On leaves, seeds and seedling roots, reducing yield and causing wastage through blemishes on the edible petioles. Leaf lesions of variable size, 1-6 mm diam., abundant, amphigenous, circular or sometimes vein-limited, confluent when severe, becoming depressed pale brown, margin diffuse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on Apium spp. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (Noble et al., 1958; Sheridan, 1966). Also disseminated by rain-splash, in irrigation water, by contact as well as by animals and workman's tools (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The pathogen may remain viable in the soil for 18 months in buried celery crop refuse, but for less than 6 weeks in the absence of intact host tissue (42: 82). Viability in infected seed may drop to 2% within 8 months from harvest and both mycelium and conidia can stay alive in seed stored up to 14 months (42: 508; 44, 1332) but not beyond 2 yr.

Xanthomonas fragariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Xanthomonas Fragariae ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas fragariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); by artificial inoculation: Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa and P. glandulosa (Rosaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of X. fragariae and Cladosporium cladosporioides (GUBLER et al., 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.

Pseudocercospora timorensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Brown Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercospora timorensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), I. biloba, I. campanulata, I. cordofana, I. muricata, I. peltata, I. setifera.DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of sweet potato. Small circular lesions first form on the leaf borders and tips before spreading over the leaf surface. These leaf spots enlarge becoming brown to dark brown in colour with a verruculose surface. The larger leaf veins may delimit the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: most countries; Asia: Hong-Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands; North America: West Indies (St Lucia). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and water-splash dispersed conidia.

Mycosphaerella aleuritis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Angular Leaf Spot ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella aleuritis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Aleurites fordii, A. mollucana, A. montana. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of tung. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Central African Republic, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Zaire (probably also Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon). Asia: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan. Central America & Caribbean: Cuba, Trinidad. North America: USA. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay? (CMI Distribution Map 278, ed. 3, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia, which are mainly dispersed by rain-splash and wind (45, 1989f).

Septoria cannabis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Records ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria cannabis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cannabis sativa (hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

Ramularia galegae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Galega Officinalis

Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia galegae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Galega officinalis: Goat's rue. DISEASE: Leaf spot of G. officinalis. Lesions tend to be elongated, being restricted by larger veins, but several infections together can give the lesions an irregular appearance. Small tufts of conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface. Sporulation is known to occur in October. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Italy, Romania). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.

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