Diaporthe capsici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe capsici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Capsicum spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

Phomopsis caricae-papayae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Infected Area

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis caricae-papayae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Carica papaya (papaw or papaya or pawpaw). DISEASE: Stem rot and fruit rot of Carica papaya. Stem rot starts near the base or higher as well defined lesions spreading rapidly. In severe cases causes death of plants. On fruits the visible symptoms are water-soaked spot on the surface which increases on maturity. The infected area becomes depressed, dark brown to black and revealing cracks at an advanced stage (Dhingra & Khare, 1971). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (India, Pakistan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Queensland; Hawaii); West Indies (Dominican Republic, St. Lucia); South America (Brazil, Pernambuco; Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The method of natural infection and factors which favour the spread of the disease have not been thoroughly studied. Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash and the fungus survives on dry stems and leaf stalks.

Phomopsis cocoina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phomopsis cocoina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cocos nucifera and Corypha umbraculifera. DISEASE: Leaf spot of coconut and recently found to be associated with stem bleeding of coconut palms (personal communication). Also perhaps involved in the rot of coconut husk. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles); Asia (India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Nepal, Sri Lanka); Australasia and Oceania (Guam Island, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash.

Botryosphaeria obtusa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Spore Release ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Botryosphaeria obtusa. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Malus and Vitis. Also on Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Artemisia, Betula, Citrus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eriobotrya, Hicoria, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lucuma, Magnolia, Melia, Nannorrhops, Nerium, Pinus, Platanus, Prunus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Robinia, Rubus, Salix, Sassafras, Tectona, Ulmus, Viburnum, Yucca. DISEASE: Causes canker and dieback on pomaceous fruits and grapevine but can live saprophytically on dead wood and bark of many woody plants. On apple, B. obtusa is responsible for three diseases: a canker (New York apple tree canker or black-rot canker); frog-eye leaf spot; and black-rot of the fruit. Cankers start as small elliptical areas of discoloured wood, often with a peripheral crack; as they grow the bark becomes roughened and black pycnidial pustules protrude. Diseased branches and twigs can be girdled and killed. Leaf spots begin as small, circular, purple spots which increase in size, developing a light brown centre, the typical 'frog-eye' symptom. Extensive defoliation may result if this stage of the disease is severe. The fruit rot usually commences at a wound or at the calyx as a dark spot, which spreads to envelope the whole fruit. Diseased fruits are firm and black but eventually shrivel and become mummified. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate areas; Europe, Southern Africa, North and South America, India, Japan, New Guinea, Western Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: The fungus can over-winter on mummified fruit, cankers, dead twigs and secondary hosts. Conidia and ascospores are mostly dispersed by rain-splash and perhaps by insects. Spore release is affected by relative humidity and temperature and dispersal is stimulated by night-time rain (50, 735).

Mycosphaerella caricae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella caricae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Carica papaya. DISEASE: Fruit rot, leaf spot and stem rot of pawpaw. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, USA (Hawaii), Papua New Guinea, West Irian. Central America & West Indies: Cuba, Honduras, Mexico. South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by windborne ascospores and conidia, by water splash and contact through natural wounds.

Phytophthora citrophthora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Citrophthora ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Collar And Root Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora citrophthora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus spp. and many other hosts represented by the following families: Aceraceae, Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae. Also pathogenic on inoculation to hosts in the above and following additional families: Fagaceae, Myrtaceae and Oleaceae (10: 98, 569; 17: 253). Some records may be mis-identifications. DISEASES: Causing brown fruit rot, leaf and shoot blight, trunk gummosis, collar and root rot of citrus; trunk and crown canker of apple, pear. peach, plum and other woody Rosaceae, and avocado, honey-locust and walnut; and 'damping-off' of a large variety of nursery seedlings including citrus, tomato and conifers (30: 433). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Angola, Congo, Egypt, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Northern Rhodesia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tunisia); Asia (China,? India, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Malaya, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey); Australasia (Australia, Cook Is., Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Europe (Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain); Central America (Cuba, El Salvador, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); North America (Mexico, United States); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay). (CMI Map 35, Ed. 3) TRANSMISSION: Occurs in soil to a depth of 1 m or more (1: 212) and is disseminated by rain splash from soil to low hanging fruit and foliage (20: 300; 31: 604). Also present throughout the year in California in reservoirs and irrigation canals supplying citrus groves (39: 24). The testas of seed from infected citric fruit can carry the pathogen to new seed beds and on transplanting to the nursery. Balled trees from such nurseries constitute an important source of infection on clean land in California (37: 165).

Pythium deliense. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium deliense. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Hibiscus esculentus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Saccharum officinarum. Also on Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Datura fastuosa, Petunia sp. and Solanum melongena on inoculation (Rangaswami, 1959; Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causing damping-off of tomato seedlings, stem-burn of tobacco and fruit rot of okra. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Indonesia, Sumatra) and Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Guinea, Papua); North America (? United States); Central America & West Indies (? N˜caragua). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.

Cercospora carbonacea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora carbonacea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Dioscoria spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of yams. Causes fairly large, 5-20 mm, angular leaf spots, which are usually delimited by the leaf veins. The dark brown to almost black leaf spots give an almost charred appearance to the leaves, while on the lower surface the spots are grey becoming brown with age. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Asia: Burma, India, North America: Canada (Ontario), West Indies (Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia, surviving adverse periods in crop debris.

Cercospora malayensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora malayensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Hibiscus abelmoschus (musk mallow), H. cannabinus (deccan hemp), H. esculentus (okra), H. fisculatus, H. mutabilis, H. sabdariffa, H. suranensis, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Sphaeralcea cisplaniina. DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of Hibiscus spp. The first symptoms are yellowish patches on the leaf surface. These then become necrotic and gradually expand into irregular greyish brown leaf spots with dark brown to purple borders, surrounded by a pale yellow halo. Ultimately the necrotic areas become shrivelled and crack (30, 445). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fungus is found wherever Hibiscus is cultivated (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe; Asia: Borneo, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea; North America: West Indies (Jamaica, Trinidad, Cuba); South America: Colombia, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia.

Phytophthora hibernalis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Twig Blight ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora hibernalis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus limon, C. medica, C. paradisi, C. reticulate and C. sinensis. Also reported in association with other species of Phytophthora; on citrus fruit in Italy with P. syringae and P. cactorum (34: 717) and on Sesamum indicum with a species related to the P. parasitica-palmivora group in Venezuela (34: 817). DISEASE: Causing brown rot of fruit, and leaf and twig blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South); Asia (Israel); Australasia & Oceania (Australia,? Fiji, New Zealand); Europe (France, Italy, Portugal, Sicily and? Spain); North America [California (U.S.A.)]; Central America & West Indies [? Antilles, listed by Cook (19: 1103) without details]; South America [Argentina (as P. syringae),? Venezuela]. (CMI Map 47) TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil to low hanging fruit and foliage, and by wind-borne sporangia accompanying or just following rain, to higher portions of the tree (12: 212).

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