Pseudomonas tolaasii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Pseudomonas Tolaasii ◽  
Pale Yellow Colour ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The Right ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas tolaasii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agaricus bisporus, A. bitorquis, A. arvensis, A. campestris, edible mushrooms. Also reported to cause losses on Pleurotus eryugii and P. ostreatus (65, 1655). DISEASE: Bacterial blotch of cultivated mushrooms. Spots of a pale yellow colour arise on the caps as they expand. These enlarge and become dark brown, often wet and sunken, and may coalesce. Stalks are also frequently attacked. The infection does not penetrate deeply, but renders the mushroom unsaleable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from China (62, 2744), India (57, 2373), Israel (60, 4791) Taiwan (59, 3507), Australia (NSW, Qd, Tas., Vict., 63, 3168), New Zealand (culture in PDDCC), Denmark, France (30: 554), Italy (50, 3375), Netherlands (37: 66), Rumania (42: 359), UK, USA (MD 37: 66, ME 64, 1386, MN, MO, PA 60, 2315). Probably much more widespread than these records suggest. TRANSMISSION: On one farm studied in England the primary sources of infection were the peat and limestone used in the casing process. One percent and two percent of samples respectively yielded the bacterium, which was apparently present as a normal constituent of the associated micro-flora. Water, soil spawn and spawned compost were all found to be free of infestation (Wong & Preece, 1980). Under the right conditions these low numbers are able to increase sufficiently to cause serious disease in beds. Agents of secondary spread within an infested farm are many and complex. Wong & Preece were able to isolate the pathogen from workers' hands, clothing, baskets, ladders, knives, and from cropping house floors. The organism was also trapped from the air inside and just outside infested houses, and in low numbers near the bed surfaces of apparently healthy houses. Spores discharged from diseased mushrooms seemed seldom to carry bacteria, but sciarid flies (Lycorilla sp.) and mites (Tyrophagus sp.) are able to carry infection.

Alternaria burnsii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Anahosur
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Cuminum Cyminum ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Necrotic Spots

Abstract A description is provided for Alternaria burnsii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cuminum cyminum. DISEASE: Blight of cumin. White necrotic spots on leaves, branches and fruits turn purple brown and finally black. Death of plants or affected part is common. Seeds are shrivelled, discoloured and show poor germination (17, 486; 30, 627). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in affected plant debris for more than 10 months and the conidia produced in damp weather on these parts are disseminated by wind and rain and thus act as primary sources of infection (17, 486; 30, 627; 51, 2742). Also it is seed transmissible; tests showed 10-32% seeds carried the pathogen (30, 627; 51, 2742).

Lophodermium agathidis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermium agathidis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Agathis australis. DISEASE: This species is very recently described, and little is known about its ecology. It has been surmised that it is, for much of its existence, a leaf endophyte, inhabiting apparently healthy leaves, and fruiting only after death of the host from some other cause. If this is the case, and it has not yet been demonstrated, the species must be regarded as a potential hazard, since other members of the same family which are pathogenic on other conifers also normally exist as harmless endophytes, and their pathogenic behaviour usually follows some other predisposing stress factor. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather. Peak dispersal occurs during November and December, and declines towards the end of March.

Diplomacy of the Concil of Lithuania in Entente powers

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Sandra Grigaravičiūté
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Council ◽  
Central State ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The research reveals appointment, competence and type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania delegated to represent the Council of Lithuania, Lithuania’s interests or affairs abroad (in neutral and “belligerent countries”) from 22 October 1917 to 11 November 1918. The Entente Powers include the United States, Great Britain, France and also Italy in some cases. Russia, which also belonged to the Entente, is left outside the scope of the research, because after Soviet Russia signed the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), it did no longer fight on the side of the Entente. The research on the diplomacy of the Council of Lithuania in the Entente Powers was carried out on the basis of published (press, memoirs, published documents) and unpublished sources (from the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences). The study employed the methods of analysis and comparison, the descriptive method, and the comparison of sources and literature. While processing the primary sources, in particular in French and German languages, the logistic-analytical method was applied (the notional content and information analysis was carried out). The research consists of two parts. In the first part of investigation the author analyzes the appointment and competence of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” and concludes, that the analysis of the circumstances of appointment and chronology of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” as well as the content of their authorizations made it clear that permanent authorized representatives, Juozas Purickis and Vladas Daumanatas-Dzimidavičius, who were appointed on 22 October 1917, had their residence in Lausanne and constituted a part of the collegial body of Lithuanian National Council, were authorized to represent the Council of Lithuania; however, only Purickis’ authorization included the phrase “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad”; there was no indication as to what countries were meant. An equivalent wording – “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad” – was also included in the texts of authorizations of non-permanent authorized representatives – Augustinas Voldemaras and Konstantinas Olšauskas. The material contained in the minutes of the meetings of the Council of Lithuania entails that “representation in belligerent countries” also meant representation in the Entente Powers, though no direct indication was included. In the second part of the study the author reveals the specific type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania (October 1917 – November 1918) and states, that Permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania, who were based in Lausanne and formed a part of the collegial Lithuanian National Council, did not always coordinate their diplomatic steps in the Entente Powers or in their embassies in Bern; hence, the Council of Lithuania had to deny or dissociate itself from certain statements made by the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) (the declaration of separation from Russia of 25 December 1917; the protest telegram of June 1918). Both permanent and non-permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania authorized to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad shared the same goal of seeking “the recognition of the right to self-determination for the Lithuanian nation” and the recognition of independence declared by the Council of Lithuania (on the basis of Part I of the Act of 11 December 1917 and the Act of 16 February 1918).

scholarly journals British Right-Wing Anti-semitism, 1918-1930.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Oliver Brown
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
World War ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
First World

This thesis investigates the prevalence of anti-Semitism in the British right-wing between the years of 1918 and 1930. It aims to redress the imbalance of studies on interwar British right-wing anti-Semitism that are skewed towards the 1930s, Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. This thesis is the first to focus exclusively on the immediate aftermath of the First World War and the rest of the 1920s, to demonstrate how interwar British right-wing anti-Semitism was not an isolated product of the 1930s. This work shows that anti-Semitism was endemic throughout much of the right-wing in early interwar Britain but became pushed further away from the mainstream as the decade progressed. This thesis adopts a comparative approach of comparing the actions and ideology of different sections of the British right-wing. The three sections that it is investigating are the “mainstream”, the “anti-alien/anti-Bolshevik” right and the “Jewish-obsessive” fringe. This comparative approach illustrates the types of anti-Semitism that were widespread throughout the British right-wing. Furthermore, it demonstrates which variants of anti-Semitism remained on the fringes. This thesis will steer away from only focusing on the virulently anti-Semitic, fringe organisations. The overemphasis on peripheral figures and openly fascistic groups when historians have glanced back at the 1920s helped lead to an exaggerated view that Britain was a tolerant haven in historiographical pieces, at least up until the 1980s. This thesis is using a wide range of primary sources, that are representative of the different sections of the British right-wing.

Lophodermium indianum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermium indianum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus caribaea, P. glabra, P. patula, P. roxburghii, P. serotina, P. taeda; previous reports of this species on P. thunbergii are incorrect. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter, so that at first sight it appears to be saprophytic. Almost nothing is known of its ecology, however, and since many other species of this genus inhabitating pine needles are known to exist as endophytes in apparently healthy needles before producing ascocarps, this species should be regarded as a potential pathogen until shown to be otherwise. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan: Rawalpindi). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.

Pseudomonas agarici. [Distribution map].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Irish Republic ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudomonas agarici Young. Hosts: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Irish Republic, UK.

Podosphaera dipsacacearum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Serious Disease

Abstract A description is provided for Podosphaera dipsacacearum, a terrestrial fungus, obligately parasitic on species of the Dipsacaceae, but not causing a serious disease resulting in death of the plant. Some information on its substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (Washington)), Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (Rostovskaya oblast), Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, former Yugoslavia)). Since Dipsacus species are sometimes regarded as invasives, there may be potential to use P. dipsacacearum as part of an integrated biological control programme.

Melampsora lini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Melampsora Lini ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract A description is provided for Melampsora lini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Linum usitatissimum, L. catharticum and other species of Linum. The American Aecidium lini Dearness & House on L. virginianum differs from M. lini in having cupulate, not caeomoid, aecia. DISEASE: Flax rust. Characterized by light-yellow to orange-yellow sori containing pycnia and aecia on leaves and stems early in the growing season, followed by reddish-yellow uredia on leaves, stems and capsules during the growing season, and later, brown to black telia covered by the epidermis, chiefly on the stems. Causes serious damage to flax by weakening and disfiguring the fibres and reduces the quality and yield of linseed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America. (CMI Map 68, 2nd Ed.) TRANSMISSION: Sporidia produced in the spring from teliospores over-wintering on crop refuse are the most common source of primary inoculum. Teliospores may also be carried on fragments of infected host tissue with the seed. Volunteer flax plants, including some wild species, may also serve as important sources of infection (Millikan, 1951), and provide a means of over-wintering of the uredial stage in New Zeland (32: 79).

Xylophilus ampelinus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Xylophilus Ampelinus

Abstract A description is provided for Xylophilus ampelinus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of the grapevine; 'Tsilik marasi' in Greece; 'Maladie d'Oleron' in France; 'Mel nero' in Italy; 'Vlamsiekte' in South Africa. In early spring buds on infected spurs fail to open or make stunted growth which eventually dies. Affected spurs often appear slightly swollen because of hyperplasia of the cambial tissue. Cracks appear along such spurs and enlarge to form cankers. Young shoots may develop pale yellowish-green spots on the lowest internodes. These expand upwards on the shoot, darken, crack and develop into cankers. Cracks and later cankers also form on more woody branches later in spring. In summer, cankers are often seen on the sides of petioles causing a characteristic one-sided necrosis of the leaf. They may also appear on main and secondary flower and fruit stalks. Leaf spots and marginal necrosis sometimes occur. Gum formation is not necessarily a symptom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, France, Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Spain, Turkey (68, 367). (IMI Distribution Map 531, ed 2, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Bacteria are carried by moisture to wounds, leaf scars and other sites where infection may take place. Primary infection can take place without wounding. Grafting and pruning can cause much spread of the disease. Overhead irrigation contributes to spread and development (51, 551). Observations indicate that sources of infection survive in vines even after removal of visibly infected parts.

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