Invasive alien species in changing marine arctic economies and ecosystems.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (022) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooks A. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Species Introductions ◽  
Marine Invasions

Abstract The rate of change in Arctic marine environments in response to shifts driven by climate change threatens Arctic resilience. The growing recognition and visibility of these changes have scientific and social roots. Mitigating these consequences is therefore a social-scientific concern. Multiple scales, perspectives, and governance systems for Arctic marine environments, alongside receding climate and economic barriers to species movements and scientific research, create challenges and opportunities that differ in magnitude and breadth from marine invasions elsewhere. The receding barriers in the marine Arctic amplify the potential ecological and economic consequences from new species introductions and range expansions from adjacent biomes. While there is consensus that marine invasive species can cause severe damages to ecosystems and resource-dependent communities, which species pose what threats, and to whom, remain complex dynamic socioecological and biogeophysical economic questions. Decisions over prevention, detection, and monitoring along with institutional frameworks for cooperating and responding to threats also affect the expected severity of impacts. Technologies, and costs, for identifying and monitoring species compositions and risks are evolving, with novel research advances as well as increasingly sophisticated ecological-economic, environmental niche, and habitat suitability models. Despite advances in understanding drivers and dynamics of new species introductions, a dearth of baseline knowledge regarding Arctic marine invasions remains. Potential consequences extend beyond ecosystem changes and include legal, institutional, and social shifts. Studies on the red king and snow crab invasions in the Barents Sea from multiple disciplinary angles showcase complex social, economic, and ecological interconnections that are transforming communities and ecosystems.

scholarly journals New species of Scolelepis (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the Norwegian coast and Barents Sea with a brief review of the genus

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Sikorski ◽  
Lyudmila Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Norwegian Coast ◽  
The Barents Sea

<p>The species <em>Scolelepis finmarchicus</em> sp. nov. is described from the Norwegian and Barents Seas along the northern Norwegian coast and Kola peninsula. The occurrence of this species in the Kola Bay could be seen as a sign of climate warming in the area. Taxonomic issues existing in the genus <em>Scolelepis</em> within the area along the Norwegian coast and in the Barents Sea are briefly touched upon. Seven species belonging to <em>Scolelepis</em> have recently been recorded from the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. <em>Scolelepis</em> (<em>S</em>.) <em>matsugae</em> Sikorski, 1994 is newly synonymized with <em>S</em>. (<em>S</em>.) <em>laonicola</em> (Tzetlin, 1985). This article provides a brief review of <em>Scolelepis</em> together with an identification key for the genus from the Atlantic sector of the Arctic</p>

scholarly journals The marine epilithic diatom Melosira brandinii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Elephant Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with comments on some related species

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 01-12
Author(s):  
Luciano F. Fernandes ◽  
Roseli M. de Souza-Mosimann
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Mantle Edge ◽  
Epilithic Diatom ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Elephant Island

A new species of epilithic diatom is described from samples collected near Elephant Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The cells of Melosira brandinii sp. nov. are joined in filamentous chains and attached by means of long mucilaginous stalks. The valves are circular with the valvar surface composed of irregularly arranged pentagonal Ioculi. Each loculus bears 6-12 pores on the external surface, opening to the innerside through rotae. The corona is only composed of coarse granules. A mantle is well developed, presenting rimoportulae and bearing coarse granules, which are more concentrated at the mantle edge. Comparisons with the related species Melosira arctica, M. moniliformis and M. nummuloides are made. Additionally, photomicrographs of M. arctica from the type material and Barents Sea, and of M. moniliformis from estuaries of Southern Brazil are included.

scholarly journals Effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on snow crab catch rates in the Barents Sea pot fishery

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1893-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanh Q Nguyen ◽  
Odd-Børre Humborstad ◽  
Svein Løkkeborg ◽  
Paul D Winger ◽  
Shannon M Bayse
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Catch Rates

Abstract Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) has become an important species for the Norwegian seafood industry since its first commercial harvest in 2012. However, periodically catch rates can be low, causing a financial strain on the fishery. Thus, improving the catch rate of existing pot designs has the potential to significantly improve the profitability of fishing enterprises. In this study, we investigated whether the addition of low-powered purple and white light-emitting diode (LED) fishing lights inside the pots could improve catch rates of snow crab in the Barents Sea. Results showed that pots with purple lights harvested a 12.8% higher catch per unit effort (CPUE; number of crab per pot) of legal-sized crab, which was significantly more than the control pots (p = 0.035); pots with white lights did not catch significantly more crab (p &gt; 0.05). Pots equipped with only light (no bait) caught very few crabs and were not considered a viable alternative. Although purple LEDs increased snow crab capture, the economic benefits of using underwater lights in pots remains unclear given the high capital investment required.

scholarly journals Temperature selection and the final thermal preferendum of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio, Decapoda) from the Barents Sea

Polar Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1911-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten Ivar Siikavuopio ◽  
Snorre Bakke ◽  
Bjørn Steinar Sæther ◽  
Tina Thesslund ◽  
Jørgen S. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Chionoecetes Opilio ◽  
The Barents Sea

A new specimen of Plioplatecarpus (Mosasauridae) from the lower Maastrichtian of Alberta: comments on allometry, functional morphology, and paleoecology

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Holmes ◽  
Michael W Caldwell ◽  
Stephen L Cumbaa
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Lower Maastrichtian ◽  
Associated Matrix ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Freshwater Environments

An incomplete specimen of the plioplatecarpine mosasaur Plioplatecarpus from the lower Maastrichtian locality of Scabby Butte (Saint Mary River Formation) closely resembles the slightly older Plioplatecarpus primaevus from Saskatchewan (Bearpaw Formation). However, quantitative and qualitative differences are observed: the vertebrae of the Scabby Butte specimen are more gracile and, although of similar shape and proportions, are relatively smaller. Since these differences cannot be readily explained by allometry or sexual dimorphism, the hypothesis that this specimen represents a new species is provisionally accepted. However, in the absence of diagnostic cranial features, a new species is not named. The morphology of the well-preserved forelimb indicates that the animal cannot be reconstructed as a subaqueous flyer, but probably used the forelimbs for paddling. The associated matrix indicates preservation in overbank deposits in a deltaic system exhibiting no evidence of open marine environments. This suggests that this mosasaur was able to exploit estuarine and freshwater environments.

scholarly journals Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13785-13790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira A. Krumhansl ◽  
Daniel K. Okamoto ◽  
Andrew Rassweiler ◽  
Mark Novak ◽  
John J. Bolton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = −0.018 y−1). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (−0.015 to −0.18 y−1), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y−1), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.

scholarly journals Snow Crab in the Barents Sea: Managing a Non-native Species in Disputed Waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (0) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Tore Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
A New Species

The introduction of a new species to the Barents Sea raises questions as to the rights and duties of states under the law of the sea to exploit, manage and conserve the species. This paper discusses three of them. The first question is whether the snow crab qualifies as a sedentary species. The entitlements and competence of states in respect of living marine resources depend on the location and the characteristics of the species. If it qualifies as a sedentary species under the law of the sea, it is subject to the sovereign rights of the coastal States. Otherwise, it is subject to the sovereign right of the coastal States as well as the freedom of fishing, dependent on its distribution. The second question is what, if any, obligations Norway as a coastal State has in respect of conservation and management of the snow crab and how Norway is complying with these obligations. This includes a discussion of whether the snow crab qualifies as an introduced, alien species and the possible implications for the obligations of the coastal State. The area of distribution of the snow crab includes waters within 200 nautical miles off Svalbard, raising a third question as to the implications of the 1920 Treaty concerning Spitsbergen (Svalbard Treaty) and in particular whether fishing vessels of Contracting parties have the right to participate in the harvest on an equal footing with Norwegian vessels. The Norwegian Snow Crab Regulations effectively reserves the harvest of snow crab for Norwegian fishing vessels. The paper discusses the implications of a recent decision by the Norwegian Supreme Court on dismissal of an appeal by a Latvian vessel and its captain convicted for illegal harvest of snow crab within 200 nautical miles off Svalbard.

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