Local water content field within an epoxy/metal bonded assembly in immersion

The impact of the baking temperature on the moisture profile (in terms of water content), during bread baking was analyzed using a convection oven (three oven temperatures and different baking times). During baking, local water content and temperature were measured at different regions of the crust and crumb. There was found an increase in water content at the core. Water content reached a maximum level (at about 2.5%), with no effect of the baking temperature, and decreased slowly at advanced baking times. Regarding the crust, a theoretical model relating water flux to the driven force (temperature difference between the oven environment and the vaporization front) and the crust thermal resistance was validated with experimental values. Water losses were also reported. The water lost by bread contributes significantly to the energy consumption by this process and its reduction is of concern for conducting the process in a more sustainable manner. A better optimization of heat transfer between the surface (for coloration purposes) and the core (for inflation purposes) could help in this way, together with shorter baking duration and hence higher yield.

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THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF CRYSTALLINE MASSIFS IN THE LIGHT OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE RESEARCH ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PIŁAWA GÓRNA REGION

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0009.4759 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Tomasz OLICHWER ◽

Robert TARKA

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Water Content ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

Rock Massif ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Hydrogeological Characteristics ◽

Magnetic Resonance Sounding ◽

Local Water ◽

The Village

Among the geophysical methods that allow indicating or excluding the occurrence of the privileged zones of groundwater flow down to 50 m b.g.l. is magnetic resonance sounding (MRS). Two soundings were carried out approximately 1.5 km north of the village of Piława Górna (Fore-Sudetic Block). The area of active quarry was selected for hydrogeological characteristics of the crystalline rocks massifs represented by metamorphic rocks such as gneisses and amphiboles. Both series of profiling are suggestive of either very low water content in the weathering cover and the rock massif or a complete lack of it. The weathering cover is approximately 4 metres thick, its water content does not exceed 6–7%, and the hydraulic conductivity k equals 2×10–6 m/s. This type of rock waste can therefore be classified as low-permeable. At depths greater than 4 metres, the rock massif is cracked, and shows a very low water content (4%), hydraulic conductivity of 10–6 m/s, and transmissivity T equalling 10–5 m2/s. The hydraulic conductivity increases up to 10–4–10–5 m/s at depths of 30–40 metres. Research has shown a simultaneous increase in the transmissivity to 10–3 m2/s. The increase in these parameters is associated with the presence of a small local water inflow within the cracked rock massif, which is visible among others in the exposures of the nearby quarry. The MRS results were confirmed by hydrogeological investigations of boreholes drilled within the quarry.

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Local Water-content Measurement of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications Using Planar Surface Coil as a NMR Signal Detector

TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B ◽

10.1299/kikaib.72.1013 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (716) ◽

pp. 1013-1020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kuniyasu OGAWA ◽

Kohei ITO ◽

Tomoyuki HAISHI ◽

Koichi HISHIDA

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Water Content ◽

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽

Surface Coil ◽

Planar Surface ◽

Electrolyte Membrane ◽

Signal Detector ◽

Content Measurement ◽

Local Water

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Local water-rich areas on Mars found by the FREND neutron telescope onboard ExoMars TGO

10.5194/epsc2020-961 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexey Malakhov ◽

Igor Mitrofanov ◽

Maxim Litvak ◽

Anton Sanin ◽

Dmitry Golovin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Epithermal Neutron ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Near Surface ◽

Water Ice ◽

Landing Sites ◽

Very High Spatial Resolution ◽

Local Water ◽

Fine Resolution

<p>Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector (FREND) is an instrument onboard ExoMars' Trace Gas Orbiter. Its measurements of epithermal neutron flux on orbit provide data on hydrogen (and thus, water) content in the 1-m thick near-surface regolith layer. Similar experiments have been performed before, neutron sounding is a well-established technique for estimating water content in the celesital body's soil. FREND's chatacteristic feature is its collimator - a massive body surrounding detectors and narrowing their field of view substantially, thus providing for very high spatial resolution, around 60 to 200 km, depending on measurement conditions. Such spatial resolution allows identifying local water-rich features with relief and other geomorphological features, assess water content in small ellipses of future landing sites.</p> <p>In this study we present latest findings based on FREND data, containing a number of surprisingly "wet" local features in the equatorial band. Water or water ice is not stable at the surface of Mars, in the equatorial regions especially, that is why locating areas with enhanced subsurface hydrogen or water is of much interest both to scientists and for the purpose of planning future exploration missions.&#160;</p>

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Water Diffusion in 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) Gels

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-0930-jj04-05 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 930 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guy Raguin ◽

Cibele V. Falkenberg ◽

Shaurya Prakash ◽

Heather R. FitzHenry ◽

Glennys Mensing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Water Content ◽

Spin Echo ◽

Free Water ◽

Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate ◽

Fundamental Study ◽

Self Diffusion ◽

Spin Echo Sequence ◽

Local Diffusion ◽

Local Water

ABSTRACTA fundamental study focusing on correlating the local water self-diffusion coefficient to the local free water content in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) gels was conducted. HEMA gels were synthesized with different nominal water content (50% to 90%). MRI measurements of local diffusion coefficient distribution and local water content profiles are conducted on a 600 MHz scanner. The local water content is measured via two spin-echo images with sufficiently long repetition time (TR) to eliminate T1-weighting and two values for the echo time (TE) in order to account for T2-weighting. The local diffusion coefficient is determined using a standard pulsed-field gradient spin-echo sequence. The measured local water content and diffusion coefficient data are compared with several single-parameter diffusion models for interstitial diffusion in the hydrogel (Makie-Meares, Stokes-Einstein, Brownian motion around overlapping spheres).

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Characterization of frozen hydrated biological specimens by low-loss EELS

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100132492 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1572-1573

Author(s):

Songquan Sun ◽

Richard D. Leapman

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Direct Method ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dark Field ◽

Protein Solutions ◽

Subcellular Compartment ◽

Differential Shrinkage ◽

Electron Energy Loss

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.

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STEM measurement of subcellular water distributions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100148678 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 568-569

Author(s):

R.D. Leapman ◽

S.Q. Sun ◽

S-L. Shi ◽

R.A. Buchanan ◽

S.B. Andrews

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Dark Field ◽

Bulk Water ◽

Inelastic Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Annular Dark Field

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.

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