The Relationship Between the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual and Model Misspecification in Factor Analysis Models

The purpose of this study is to identify factors (brand elements) that mediate between Millennials and brand loyalty, and to test a theoretical model that includes these mediating factors in describing the relationship between millennials and brand loyalty. The study focused on the key factors that we identified and hypothesized to mediate the relationship between millennials and brand loyalty. The quantitative study surveyed two hundred and fifty-three (n=253) respondents randomly drawn. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test a model of the relationship between the mediating factors, millennials and brand loyalty. All model fit parameters were well within acceptable bounds. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) was 0.999, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.018, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was 0.022. However, we believe that the model is over-fitting the data, and this is not surprising given that there are 22 variables and 253 data points. These results show promise, but require further investigation in a second phase of the inquiry. This study limited itself to surveying millennials, brand loyalty, and the seven mediating factors we identified and hypothesized to play a role in mediating between them. Based on this study, brand management strategies are proposed.

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The Adult-Oriented Sport Coaching Survey: An Instrument Designed to Assess Coaching Behaviors Tailored to Adult Athletes

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.2020-0031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 368-385

Author(s):

Scott Rathwell ◽

Bradley W. Young ◽

Bettina Callary ◽

Derrik Motz ◽

Matt D. Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Mean Square ◽

Root Mean Square Residual ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Masters Athletes ◽

Fit Index

Adult sportspersons (Masters athletes, aged 35 years and older) have unique coaching preferences. No existing resources provide coaches with feedback on their craft with Masters athletes. Three studies evaluated an Adult-Oriented Coaching Survey. Study 1 vetted the face validity of 50 survey items with 12 Masters coaches. Results supported the validity of 48 items. In Study 2, 383 Masters coaches completed the survey of 50 items. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling indicated issues with model fit. Post hoc modifications improved fit, resulting in a 22-item, five-factor model. In Study 3, 467 Masters athletes responded to these 22 items reflecting perceptions of their coaches. Confirmatory factor analysis (comparative fit index = .951, standardized root mean square residual = .036, and root mean square error of approximation = .049) and exploratory structural equation modeling (comparative fit index = .977, standardized root mean square residual = .019, and root mean square error of approximation = .041) confirmed the model. The resultant Adult-Oriented Sport Coaching Survey provides a reliable and factorially valid instrument for measuring adult-oriented coaching practices.

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Psychometric properties of the Cognitive and Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scales among preservice physical education teachers: A bifactor analysis

European Physical Education Review ◽

10.1177/1356336x18755087 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 616-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiling Liu ◽

Ping Xiang ◽

Ron McBride ◽

Han Chen

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Physical Education ◽

Learning Strategies ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Physical Education Teachers ◽

General Factor ◽

Mean Square ◽

Root Mean Square Residual ◽

Metacognitive Learning ◽

Fit Index

Although widely used to measure self-regulated learning strategies, the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire has not yielded satisfactory construct validity across empirical studies. This study examined its psychometric properties by focusing on one of its subscales, the Cognitive and Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scales, among 419 preservice physical education teachers ( M age = 23.05 years, SD = 4.28) from five physical education teacher preparation programmes in the southwestern United States of America. The participants responded to the 31-item Cognitive and Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scales, which assessed five categories of learning strategies: rehearsal, elaboration, organization, critical thinking, and metacognitive self-regulation. Each item was on a seven-point Likert scale. Initial confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original five-factor model. Following exploratory factor analysis identified three latent factors. Subsequent bifactor exploratory factor analysis revealed one general factor and two group factors, and following bifactor confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that this structure had an acceptable model fit, χ2 (353) = 731.327, p <.001; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .053; Comparative Fit Index = .907; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = .047. A respecified bifactor model with 18 items resulted in a good fit, χ2 (120) = 161.384, p <.001; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .030; Comparative Fit Index = .980; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = .034. Score reliability for the general factor Omega Hierarchical = .825; for the two group factors, Omega Scales = .211 and .238, respectively. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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Measuring Investment Importance Perception in Equity Shares: A Scale for Individual Investors

Drishtikon A Management Journal ◽

10.21863/drishtikon/2015.6.2.008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

M. Rakesh Krishnan ◽

C. Ganesh

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Information Criterion ◽

Individual Investors ◽

Mean Square ◽

Goodness Of Fit Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Root Mean Square Residual ◽

Fit Index

This study focused on developing a scale for measuring Investment Importance Perception in Equity shares (IIPe) of individual investors. Item generation (from equity share investors) and content validity was performed (with expert panel) to gather the initial pool of items for the scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used for item reduction and for establishing the dimensions of IIPe. Further, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used test the measurement validity. Parameters were estimated with maximum likelihood (ML) through the use of AMOS (version 16). The assumptions for multivariate normality were checked by looking into the skewness and kurtosis value of the individual items of the scale. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test guided evaluation of model fit along with established fit indices such as goodness of fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC).

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The Arabic Version of the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale: Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040419 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 419

Author(s):

Amira Mohammed Ali ◽

Amin Omar Hendawy ◽

Ohoud Ahmad ◽

Haleama Al Sabbah ◽

Linda Smail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Coping Resources ◽

Mean Square ◽

Perceived Stress Scale ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Root Mean Square Residual ◽

Two Factors ◽

Validity Tests

University students experience high levels of stress due to university transition, academic commitments, and financial matters. Higher stress perceptions along with limited coping resources endanger mental health for a considerable number of students and may ruin their performance. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (10 items), PSS-10, in a sample of 379 female Emeriti students. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in two factors with eigenvalues of 3.88 and 1.19, which explained 60.6% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed good model fits of two correlated factors (Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.962, Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.950, standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) = 0.0479, and root mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.067). Internal consistency of the PSS-10 and its positive and negative subscales was acceptable (coefficient α = 0.67, 0.79, and 0.86, respectively). Multigroup analysis revealed that the PSS-10 holds invariance across different groups of age, marital status, and financial status (average monthly expenditure). Convergent and concurrent validity tests signify the importance of considering scores of subscales of the PSS-10 along with its total score.

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The eating motivations scale (EATMOT): Development and validation by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM)

Slovenian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2478/sjph-2021-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 4-9

Author(s):

P. F. Guiné Raquel ◽

João Duarte ◽

Ana Cristina Ferrão ◽

Manuela Ferreira ◽

Paula Correia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Structural Equation Modelling ◽

Food Choice ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Mean Square ◽

Root Mean Square Residual ◽

Equation Modelling ◽

Confirmatory Factor

AbstractIntroductionThe objective was to develop and validate an instrument that measures different determinants of people’s food choices and simultaneously accounts for a variety of factors: health, emotions, price and availability, society and culture, environment and politics, and marketing and advertising.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study focusing on food choice determinants. It was carried out in 16 countries in 2017 and 2018. This study included 11,960 volunteer adult participants from different countries. The data was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).ResultsValidation using CFA with SEM revealed that multi-factor modelling produced first- and second-order models that could be used to define the EATMOT scale, the first presenting better fitting indices, with the goodness-of-fit and comparative-fit indices very close to 1, as well as root-mean-square-error-of-approximation, root-mean-square-residual and standardised-root-mean-square-residual at practically zero.ConclusionThe validated EATMOT scale guarantees confidence in the information obtained through this instrument, and can be used in future studies to better understand food choice determinants in different geographical areas and help plan strategies to improve healthy eating patterns and diminish the burden of non-communicable diseases.

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The Relationship of Root Mean Square Value of Electromyography and Isometric Torque of Quadriceps in Normal Subjects

Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.3724/spj.1329.2016.01.058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Qiurong XIE ◽

Zheng JIANG ◽

Qinglu LUO ◽

Jie LIANG ◽

Xiaoling WANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Mean Square ◽

Isometric Torque ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Validation of the Patient-Centred Care Competency Scale Instrument for Finnish Nurses

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11060583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 583

Author(s):

Riitta Suhonen ◽

Katja Lahtinen ◽

Minna Stolt ◽

Miko Pasanen ◽

Terhi Lemetti

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Item Analysis ◽

Healthcare Delivery ◽

Mean Square ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Patient Centred Care ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Patient-centredness in care is a core healthcare value and an effective healthcare delivery design requiring specific nurse competences. The aim of this study was to assess (1) the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Finnish version of the Patient-centred Care Competency (PCC) scale and (2) Finnish nurses’ self-assessed level of patient-centred care competency. The PCC was translated to Finnish (PCC-Fin) before data collection and analyses: descriptive statistics; Cronbach’s alpha coefficients; item analysis; exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; inter-scale correlational analysis; and sensitivity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were acceptable, high for the total scale, and satisfactory for the four sub-scales. Item analysis supported the internal homogeneity of the items-to-total and inter-items within the sub-scales. Explorative factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution, but the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the four-factor structure (Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) 0.92, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) 0.99, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.065, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.045) with 61.2% explained variance. Analysis of the secondary data detected no differences in nurses’ self-evaluations of contextual competence, so the inter-scale correlations were high. The PCC-Fin was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of nurses’ patient-centred care competence. Rasch model analysis would provide some further information about the item level functioning within the instrument.

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Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Dutch person-centred care of older people with cognitive impairment in acute care (POPAC) scale

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-020-06048-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Annette Keuning-Plantinga ◽

Evelyn J. Finnema ◽

Wim Krijnen ◽

David Edvardsson ◽

Petrie F. Roodbol

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Quality Of Care ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Older People ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Acute Care ◽

Mean Square ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Abstract Background Person-centred care is the preferred model for caring for people with dementia. Knowledge of the level of person-centred care is essential for improving the quality of care for patients with dementia. The person-centred care of older people with cognitive impairment in acute care (POPAC) scale is a tool to determine the level of person-centred care. This study aimed to translate and validate the Dutch POPAC scale and evaluate its psychometric properties to enable international comparison of data and outcomes. Methods After double-blinded forward and backward translations, a total of 159 nurses recruited from six hospitals (n=114) and via social media (n=45) completed the POPAC scale. By performing confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity was tested. Cronbach’s alpha scale was utilized to establish internal consistency. Results The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the comparative fit index (0.89) was slightly lower than 0.9. The root mean square error of approximation (0.075, p=0.012, CI 0.057–0.092) and the standardized root mean square residual (0.063) were acceptable, with values less than 0.08. The findings revealed a three-dimensional structure. The factor loadings (0.69–0.77) indicated the items to be strongly associated with their respective factors. The results also indicated that deleting Item 5 improved the Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument as well as of the subscale ‘using cognitive assessments and care interventions’. Instead of deleting this item, we suggest rephrasing it into a positively worded item. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the Dutch POPAC scale is sufficiently valid and reliable and can be utilized for assessing person-centred care in acute care hospitals. The study enables nurses to interpret and compare person-centred care levels in wards and hospital levels nationally and internationally. The results form an important basis for improving the quality of care and nurse-sensitive outcomes, such as preventing complications and hospital stay length.

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