Changing Spatial Patterns in the Journey-to-Work : a comparison of the 1966 and 1971 Census Data in London

Urban Studies ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J.H. Mogridge
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Journey To Work

‘Motorways in London’ and Transport Planning

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Beesley
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Journey To Work

Motorways in London proposes a substantial reduction in the planned motorway network in London, and its redistribution away from the centre, but it is argued that the book does not justify its case by the measurements presented, and pays too little attention to amenities and compensation. The article is largely concerned with problems for transport planning arising from the book and the official transport and planning documents of 1968 and 1969. The latter's land use and transport model is criticised for its neglect of the economic implications of its ‘suppression’ of trips where networks are overloaded. The model parameters should be required to conform to observed distributions of journey lengths, especially those to work, based on workplace data and recognising the influences, inter alia, of variations in income and levels of skill. A key question in making present models better reflect the long-run interaction between transport and land use is predicting journey-to-work lengths. A model to explain their past change is proposed, based on Census data, measuring the effect of changes in job opportunities, housing demands, and population shifts.

Explaining Sociospatial Patterns in South East Queensland, Australia: Social Homophily versus Structural Homophily

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 2201-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod McCrea
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Physical Attributes

Model simulations of residential segregation have shown that even modest levels of social homophily (or wishing to live near residents with similar social characteristics) gives rise to distinct spatial patterns of residential segregation. However, this proposition has been contested where social homophily is modest. This paper contrasts two explanations for urban sociospatial patterns (socioeconomic and demographic spatial patterns) in a region where social homophily is modest-South East Queensland (SEQ). The research question is whether sociospatial patterns are better explained by social homophily or by structural homophily. In other words, are they better explained by residents wishing to live in neighborhoods with similar people (social homophily), or by residents with similar social characteristics finding similar neighborhood physical attributes important, and thus moving to neighborhoods with similar people (structural homophily). SEQ residents were asked how important various reasons were in choosing their neighborhood. The survey data were linked to neighborhood social characteristics from census data with the aid of geographic information systems. Six neighborhood social characteristics in SEQ were investigated. Social homophily explained a small, though statistically significant, level of spatial variation in socioeconomic and ethnic (non-Western) environments. However, it did not explain any variation in the other four neighborhood social characteristics which related to household structure: that is, younger nonnuclear household environments; nuclear family environments; and older nonnuclear household environments, or disadvantaged environments. Moreover, structural homophily explained much more variation than did social homophily in all six neighborhood social characteristics. In regions such as SEQ, spatial patterns can largely be explained by structural homophily. Thus, modest levels of social homophily are not necessarily important in explaining sociospatial patterning.

Empirical Studies of Journeys to Work by Modes of Transport in Greater London: 1966 and 1971

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
K H Khaw
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Trip Length ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
The City

With the use of 1971 journey-to-work census data for London, the spatial distributions of home and workplace locations at different distances from the city centre were analysed for the main modes of transport. The relationships among the fundamental quantities such as density, trip length, modal split, and level of car ownership were also investigated. These analyses were compared with those of corresponding 1966 data. The comparisons show that although the home density in 1971 within the first 2 km from the city centre decreased by approximately 21%, while the workplace density decreased only by approximately 4%, the actual number of workplaces within this range of distance fell by about 2·5 times that of the homes. The overall decrease in homes and workplaces resulted in a 9% drop in the total number of internal trips for London as a whole. Resolving these trips by modes of transport shows that rail, bus, and walk trips had decreased while car trips had increased. As a result, the most common mode of transport to work switched from bus in 1966 to car in 1971. This also contributed to the overall increase in the average trip length in 1971. The analysis on the level of car ownership for 1971 shows that more than 50% of the households located more than 12 km from the city centre had at least one car. On average, the number of cars per household in 1971 was approximately 0·64.

scholarly journals Above and belowground carbon stock in a tropical forest in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e48276
Author(s):  
Daniel Dantas ◽  
Marcela de Castro Nunes Santos Terra ◽  
Luiz Otávio Rodrigues Pinto ◽  
Natalino Calegario ◽  
Sabrina Mandarano Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Spatial Gradient ◽  
Global Climate Changes

An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels and global climate changes have led to an increased focus on CO2 capture mechanisms. The in situ quantification and spatial patterns of forest carbon stocks can provide a better picture of the carbon cycle and a deeper understanding of the functions and services of forest ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the aboveground (tree trunks) and belowground (soil and fine roots, at four depths) carbon stocks in a tropical forest in Brazil and to evaluate the spatial patterns of carbon in the three different compartments and in the total stock. Census data from a semideciduous seasonal forest were used to estimate the aboveground carbon stock. The carbon stocks of soil and fine roots were sampled in 52 plots at depths of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm, combined with the measured bulk density. The total estimated carbon stock was 267.52 Mg ha-1, of which 35.23% was in aboveground biomass, 63.22% in soil, and 1.54% in roots. In the soil, a spatial pattern of the carbon stock was repeated at all depths analyzed, with a reduction in the amount of carbon as the depth increased. The carbon stock of the trees followed the same spatial pattern as the soil, indicating a relationship between these variables. In the fine roots, the carbon stock decreased with increasing depth, but the spatial gradient did not follow the same pattern as the soil and trees, which indicated that the root carbon stock was most likely influenced by other factors.

scholarly journals Transportation Planner’s Handbook on Conversion Factors for the Use of Census Data

1997 ◽  
Vol 1593 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Victor J. Siaurusaitis ◽  
Larry J. Saben
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Usual Activity ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Personal Transportation ◽  
Transportation Activity

For the 1990 census data to be useful for transportation planners, it must reflect information collected in transportation surveys, such as home interviews and on board transit surveys. These surveys select a survey day that captures a snapshot of transportation activity for that day. Inherent in the 1990 census are problems related to biases created by the way in which the journey-to-work questions are asked. Issues related to questions that ask for “typical” or “usual” activity in the previous workweek tend to overestimate certain trip making, while underestimating others. For example, on a usual workday, an individual would drive an automobile to work. But on any given day, he or she may be forced to take public transportation because the automobile was in for repairs. The analysis looks at the 1990 census and the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey and develops factors by urban area size. Factors developed include absenteeism (related to sick time, vacation, personal business, part-time employment, and business-related travel), mode of travel (shifts between highway and transit modes), multiple jobs (for individuals who hold multiple jobs or make multiple trips to the same place of work from home), and trip chaining (distinguish between direct home-to-work trips, as defined in travel model home-based work, and trips that make intermediate stops).

scholarly journals Estimation of the determinants of bicycle mode share for the journey to work using census data

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parkin ◽  
Mark Wardman ◽  
Matthew Page
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Journey To Work

scholarly journals Demographic Resilience in Local Systems: An Empirical Approach with Census Data

Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Andrea Colantoni ◽  
Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Cristina Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir ◽  
Pavel Cudlin ◽  
Luca Salvati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Mediterranean Country ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This study estimates demographic resilience in local socioeconomic systems of Southern Europe using long-term population dynamics. We assume attractive places with a continuously expanding (resident) population as ‘demographically resilient’, and locations experiencing a persistent decline of population as more fragile to external shocks. Based on these premises, a comprehensive assessment of demographic resilience in more than 1000 municipalities along the urban–rural gradient in Greece, a Mediterranean country with marked regional disparities, was carried out between 1961 and 2011. Municipalities were considered representative of homogeneous local communities, especially in rural areas. The results of non-parametric correlations suggest how basic geographical gradients (coastal–inland and urban–rural) have significantly influenced the demographic resilience of Greek municipalities. These findings outline two contrasting spatial patterns that reflect (i) continuous expansion of peri-urban local communities and (ii) a particularly intense rural shrinkage, linking depopulation to land abandonment and scarce accessibility of inland districts. While long-term population growth in Greece has progressively re-shaped the intrinsic divide in urban and rural areas, the traditional gap in central and peripheral districts is still reflected in the spatial polarization between the ‘demographically resilient’, socially dynamic coastal locations and the ‘demographically fragile’ inland, economically marginal places. These results indicate the persistence of a center–periphery model characterizing long-term settlement expansion in Greece, with spatial patterns delineating ‘resilient’ and ‘fragile’ districts based essentially on infrastructures, accessibility, and amenities.

scholarly journals Spatial patterns of the variability of native residentsin a transitional society: The case of the Czech Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-284
Author(s):  
Miloslav Šerý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Transitional Society ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Currently, the native residents of a country are an important social phenomenon. Although extensive mobility challenges the bonds between places and their inhabitants, biographies of native residents are less often based in several spatial contexts because they are born and raised in a specific place and live there for their entire lives. This absence of residential mobility has important consequences for the ways native residents relate to their ‘home places’ and how they build local attachments. Using data from the Czech Republic, the main objective of this paper is to explore and analyse recent developments in the structure of native residents. The objects of analysis are the municipalities of the Czech Republic, and aggregate census data are used for the purpose of analysis. Spatial and non-spatial approaches to the analysis showed significant changes in the structure of native residents, revealing statistically significant spatial patterns. In general, the residents of Czech municipalities demonstrate levels of co-residence or ‘mixing’ in a significant way in recent years. Thus, further research into matters such as spatial belonging, attachment and identity should also take into account the influence of mobility.

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