Abstract
Objectives
Since the financial crash of 2008, an increased number of U.S. families are living in more consolidated households to minimize expenses. Food security levels of such multigenerational households are underexplored. This study examined differences in household-level food security status by household structure in a nationally-representative sample.
Methods
Analyses were conducted for data from 17,323 adult respondents in the nationally-representative NHANES 2011–2016. Only cases from households with children (younger than 18 years) were included. Respondents were assigned to the following household structure categories: two ‘parent’ figures (i.e., at least two adults between the age of 18 and 59), single ‘parent’ (i.e., one adult between the ages of 18 and 59), grandparent-as-caregiver (i.e., no adult 18–59 years, but one or more adults 60 or older), or multigenerational household (i.e., one or more adults between the ages of 18 and 59 and one or more adults aged 60 or older). Household food security was measured by the U.S. Household Food Security Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household structure on food security level, controlling for poverty income ratio, number of adults and children, head of household educational attainment and marital status, and SNAP participation in the past 12 months. SPSS Complex Samples was used to account for the NHANES sampling strategy.
Results
Respondents from households of the two-parent-plus-child(ren) structure were significantly more likely to be in a marginally, low, or very low food secure household than respondents from households with only one parent-aged adult, multigenerational households, and households with a ‘grandparent’ as caregiver (F(26, 22) = 34.6, P < .001). Of these two-‘parent’ households, 65% were fully food secure; 13% were marginally food secure; and 22% experienced low or very low food security.
Conclusions
Two-‘parent’ households were more food insecure than each of the other household structures considered in this study. Future studies should employ mixed method and longitudinal research designs to understand the dynamics at play and their implications for child health.
Funding Sources
The Ohio State University Institute for Population Research and a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development center grant.