Initiative Center for the Decolonization of Estonia

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Community ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
The Right ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Second World

In the twentieth century, and particularly under the influence of the Second World War, the international community, in the interests of normal relations, has considered it necessary to agree on certain fundamental principles, such as the observance of universal human rights, the right of nations to self-determination, the equality of the rights of big and small nations, impermissibility of aggression, and liberation from the yoke of colonialism. These principles are written in international conventions, the UN charter and several of its resolutions, and recognized by the majority of states.

Islamic Law and Human Rights

2015 ◽  
pp. 818-842
Author(s):  
Shannon Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Human Rights Discourse ◽  
Second World

This article explores the question of whether Islamic law and universal human rights are compatible. It begins with an overview of human rights discourse after the Second World War before discussing Islamic human rights declarations and the claims of Muslim apologists regarding human rights, along with challenges to Muslim apologetics in human rights discourse. It then considers the issues of gender and gender equality, feminism, and freedom of religion in relation to human rights. It also examines four basic scholarly orientations to the topic of Islam and human rights since the end of the Second World War: a model that privileges a secular (non-religious) paradigm for rights; a Muslim apologist model, which privileges a purely “Islamic” conception of rights over secular models; a Marxist/postcolonial critique of rights as a western imposition of power; and a Muslim reformist paradigm of rights that highlights points of continuity between western legal and Muslim legal traditions.

scholarly journals From Civil Liberties to Human Rights? British Civil Liberties Activism and Universal Human Rights

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER MOORES
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article discusses British civil liberties organisations hoping to engage in a broader human rights politics during and immediately after the Second World War. It argues that various movements and organisations from sections of the British Left attempted to articulate a human rights politics which incorporated political, civil, social and economic rights during the 1940s and early 1950s. However, organisations were unable to express this and mobilise accordingly. This reflected the collapse of the popular-front-style alliances forged in the 1930s and the difficulties in articulating political positions distinct from the ideological polarisation that emerged with the onset of the Cold War.

The State of Play and the Road Ahead

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Kerri Woods
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Road ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Human rights are a key element of the post-Second World War international order. They function as both an institutional framework and as a powerful idea, and have been adopted and adapted by those seeking to address the most pressing problems of their age. The framers of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) never dreamed of including environmental rights in the list of rights that are fundamental to a decent human life. By the first decades of the twenty-first century, however, it has become clear that environmental problems like climate change generate profound human rights impacts. A sustainable environment is essential to the enjoyment of all human rights, now and henceforth, but extending rights into the future raises many complex questions about the relationship between rights and risk, the right to procreate, and whether and how future people can have human rights.

The Measure of Nations: Testing the Assumptions behind the Classical Rule

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-120
Author(s):  
Timothy William Waters
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines what people think the prevailing model actually does. The current, classical rule of self-determination is historically bounded: Its borders are history's borders; it favors the outcomes of historical processes over current realities. Under the classical rule, whenever a conflict arises within a state, people are compelled to look for solutions that work within the fixed borders they already have. This constraint is thought to be a virtue. The explicit purpose of the system put in place at the end of the Second World War—territorial integrity, self-determination, human rights, and prohibition of aggression—was to stabilize global politics and reduce the resort to war. Rigid borders were an intentional part of that project. But has that been the result? Have fixed borders produced a more peaceful world? What if territorial integrity has not reduced violence but increased it? To answer these questions, one has to measure the effects of the classical rule. The chapter does that, and suggests borders are not doing what people think they are.

Tracing the Relational Internationalist Perspective in Europe After the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Banu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Second World ◽  
Point Of Reference

This chapter describes the internationalist thinking in private international law after the Second World War and the extent to which internationalist scholars of this period took the individual or the state as the analytical point of reference. It shows how, around the middle of the twentieth century, Henri Batiffol in France and Gerhard Kegel in Germany reawakened an interest in theoretical discussions around the justice dimensions of private international law, while also attempting to repurpose and validate private international law methodology and techniques. Furthermore, this chapter provides an in-depth reading of English private international law scholarship after the Second World War in order to show how English scholars tried to reconstruct private international law theories focused on vested rights as human rights theories.

scholarly journals The archaeology of Afghanistan revisited

Antiquity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (376) ◽  
pp. 1084-1087
Author(s):  
J. Eva Meharry
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
International Community ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Afghan Civil War ◽  
Second World

The discipline of archaeology in Afghanistan was at a turning point when the original editions of The archaeology of Afghanistan and the Archaeological gazetteer of Afghanistan were published in 1978 and 1982, respectively. The first three decades of modern archaeological activity in Afghanistan (1920s–1940s) were dominated by French archaeologists who primarily focused on the pre-Islamic past, particularly the Buddhist period. Following the Second World War, however, Afghanistan gradually opened archaeological practice to a more international community. Consequently, the scope of archaeological exploration expanded to include more robust studies of the prehistoric, pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. In the 1960s, the Afghan Institute of Archaeology began conducting its own excavations, and by the late 1970s, national and international excavations were uncovering exciting new discoveries across the country. These archaeological activities largely halted as Afghanistan descended into chaos during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989) and the Afghan Civil War (1989–2001); the Afghan Institute of Archaeology was the only archaeological institute continuing operations. The original editions of the volumes under review were therefore timely and poignant publications that captured the peak of archaeological activity in twentieth-century Afghanistan and became classic texts on the subject.

scholarly journals Are Universal Human Rights Universal?

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Ildus Yarulin ◽  
Evgeny Pozdnyakov
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Second World

One of the issues constantly discussed in the context of human rights is their assessment as universal or relative. International human rights norms are universal, which corresponds to the nature of human rights. The process of universalization of human rights began after the second world war with the creation of the United Nations, whose Charter declared its determination to reaffirm faith in the fundamental rights of the individual, in the equality of men and women and in the equality of nations large and small. These intentions of the organization were confirmed by the adoption of universal documents: the International Bill of Human Rights, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenants on Human Rights, opened for signature on December 16, 1966, and other acts. However, the problem lies in the fact that human rights recognized at the international level as universal and enshrined in international instruments, which must be respected by all and everywhere, lose the signs and qualities of universality under the influence of various socio-cultural, national traditions and customs, religious and other factors, and acquire the meaning or status of relative ones.

Part IV Transnational Organised Crime as Matter of Certain Branches of International Law, 19 Transnational Criminal Organisations and Human Rights

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noortmann Math ◽  
Sedman Dawn
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
World War ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second World ◽  
Armed Opposition Groups

Transnational criminal organisations and human rights are in a dialectical relationship. Organisations can be subjected to criminal investigations and criminalization, while at the same time be protected by such rights as the right to association and free speech. While successful criminal prosecution of organisations is rare, as demonstrated by the war-crime tribunals since the Second World War, the criminalizing of organisations such as biker gangs and armed opposition groups is a more common, however questionable, option for governments. To the extent that criminal organisations are considered, first of all, to commit crimes and are investigated and prosecuted within that legal framework, the question what the concept of criminal organisations committing human rights violations would bring is a pertinent one. Crimes and human rights are different legal conceptions and should not be confused in the ‘war against organised crime’.

scholarly journals Social, economic and population processes in Transylvania in the hundred years after Trianon

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Elekes Tibor
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Of all losers of the first World War Hungary had been the most penalized. That included the losing of over two third of its territory and nearly as much of its population. Albeit paying lip service to the right of self-determination, the victors delegated 5,5 million people into a minority position (whilst for some this meant no change, yet brought difficulties). It was only 5,2 million about whom it could be claimed on ethnic grounds – in part with reservations – that their fate as that of a community improved. In the areas annexed by Romania, the socio-economic processes of the wider region prevailed in the studied period. The greatest change took place during Communism’s four decades. The main objective of the centrally managed economy was industrialization, and soon the national-communist leadership aimed at creating a „homogenized society”. Population growth of four decades after the second World War came to a halt due to mass emigration and decline in birth rate in the early 1990s; the number of population falling by nearly 4 million to date. In proportional terms the loss of the 16,8 million strong Romanians (2011) and the 1,2 million strong Hungarians was near identical during the 2002–2011 period. By 2011, the number of Transylvanian Germans counting 600 000 prior to the second World War had been reduced to 36 000. The number of the half a million strong in 1930 Jews had fallen to a few hundred. At the same time, the number of Romani increased to 621 000. The Hungarian indigenous minority in Transylvania see the survival of their community in the realization of autonomy in Székelyland, and in Northwestern Transylvania.

scholarly journals The Contemporary Conception of Human Rights: Between Concepts, Foundations and Distinctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Cleiton Silva Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Review Study ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second World

This work aims to present and discuss the contemporary conception of human rights theory.Based on the defense of the dignity of the human person, human rights are the result of conquests throughout history, having taken effect in the international order since the end of the Second World War, when the United Nations (UN) promulgated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Human Rights, in 1948, when this document became the normative framework for humanitarian protection worldwide. The aforementioned Declaration provides for a set of rights belonging to every human person, regardless of nationality, race, sex, religion or any other characteristic. Among these rights are the right to life, freedom, food, work, among others, which underpin a dignified existence. In contemporary theory, although there are various ways of designating human rights, such as “human rights","individual rights","fundamental rights", “natural rights", among others, these expressions have the same meaning. However, the majority doctrine essentially distinguishes two terminologies as to its scope: “human rights”, which are used to define the rights established by international law; and “fundamental rights”, which corresponds to those referring to the rights recognized and affirmed by the States, as occurs in Brazil, in the text of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In methodological terms, this article deals with a review study, categorized as qualitative (as to nature), descriptive (as to objective) and bibliographic (as to object) research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document