Distorted patterns of relationship in maltreating families: The role of internal representation models

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Crittenden
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation

scholarly journals Role of Axonal Odorant Receptors in Olfactory Topography

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 263310552092341
Author(s):  
Claudia Lodovichi
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
And Function ◽  
Guidance Molecule

A unique feature in the organization of the olfactory system is the dual role of the odorant receptors: they detect odors in the nasal epithelium and they play an instructive role in the convergence of olfactory sensory neuron axons in specific loci, ie, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb. The dual role is corroborated by the expression of the odorant receptors in 2 specific locations of the olfactory sensory neurons: the cilia that protrude in the nostril, where the odorant receptors interact with odors, and the axon terminal, a suitable location for a potential axon guidance molecule. The mechanism of activation and function of the odorant receptors expressed at the axon terminal remained unknown for almost 20 years. A recent study identified the first putative ligand of the axonal odorant receptors, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein1, a molecule expressed in the olfactory bulb. The distinctive mechanisms of activation of the odorant receptors expressed at the opposite locations in sensory neurons, by odors, at the cilia, and by molecules expressed in the olfactory bulb, at the axon terminal, explain the dual role of the odorant receptors and link the specificity of odor perception with its internal representation, in the topographic map.

scholarly journals Memory entrainment by visually evoked theta-gamma coupling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Köster ◽  
Ulla Martens ◽  
Thomas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Integral Function ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Theta Frequency ◽  
Entrainment Effect ◽  
Individual Alpha Frequency

AbstractIt is an integral function of the human brain to sample novel information from the environment and to update the internal representation of the external world. The formation of new memories is assumed to be orchestrated by neuronal oscillations, the rhythmic synchronization of neuronal activity within and across cell assemblies. Specifically, successful encoding of novel information is associated with increased theta oscillations (3-8Hz) and theta coupled gamma activity (40-120Hz), and a decrease in alpha oscillations (8-12Hz). However, given the correlative nature of neurophysiological recordings, the causal role of neuronal rhythms in human memory encoding is still unclear. Here, we experimentally enhance the formation of novel memories by a visual brain stimulation at an individually adjusted theta frequency, in contrast to the stimulation at an individual alpha frequency. Critically, the memory entrainment effect by the theta stimulation was not explained by theta power per se, but was driven by visually evoked theta-gamma coupling in wide spread cortical networks. These findings provide first evidence for a functional role of the theta rhythm and the theta-gamma neuronal code in human episodic memory. Yet more strikingly, the entrainment of mnemonic network mechanisms by a simplistic visual stimulation technique provides a proof of concept that internal rhythms align with visual pacemakers, which can entrain complex cognitive functions in the wake human brain.

UT ANIMALIUM PICTURA: ARISTOTLE'S HEART IN THE POETRY OF GIACOMO DA LENTINI

Traditio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 225-251
Author(s):  
MATTEO PACE
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Vernacular Literature ◽  
Scientific Issue ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Giacomo Da Lentini ◽  
Love Lyric ◽  
Bodily Part

The essay analyzes the formation of the oft-cited trope of the image engraved (or painted) in the heart, topical in the Sicilian lyric of the thirteenth century, and the ways in which it re-discusses a painstaking issue of Aristotelian physiology. The trope of the “pintura nel core” (figure in the heart), as described in Giacomo da Lentini's Meravigliosa⋅mente and Madonna mia, a voi mando, is immediately assimilated to the faculty of memory, and the human ability to represent external reality by means of signa. This process of formation that happens in the heart and allows the poet to fall in love is reworked in the image of the “pintura” carved like a seal into wax. The lexical choices of Giacomo's poems point to an Aristotelian understanding of sense perception, centered around the key role of the heart, dependent upon the fluidity of its bodily part, and resulting in an internal representation of phenomenal reality. The link between love lyric poetry and physiological learning shows the interdependence of these two fields of medieval culture, and the ways in which a debated scientific issue can be illuminated by the comparative analysis of vernacular literature and philosophical investigation. Giacomo's reworking of these Aristotelian physiological tenets testifies to his poetical ability to engage with medicine and aesthetic representation.

scholarly journals representation of turbulent sounds in German: a government approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Anna Bloch-Rozmej
Keyword(s):  
Internal Representation ◽  
Obligatory Contour Principle ◽  
Phonetic Realization ◽  
Segmental Identity

The unfolding discussion will focus on the internal representation of turbulent sounds in the phonology of German as well as pinpoint the special status of the prime defining the quality of turbulence. It will also be argued that this prime is capable of entering into special types of licensing relations, which results in specific phonetic manifestations of forms. We shall compare the effects of two processes attested in German: consonant degemination and spirantisation with a view to revealing the role of the turbulence-defining element in the two operations. Furthermore, our attention will be focused on the workings of the Obligatory Contour Principle which, as will be shown below, exerts decisive impact on prime interplay and consequently the phonetic realization of sounds and words. We shall see that segmental identity is contingent on the languagespecific interpretation of inter-element bonds. Aware of the importance of prime autonomy in determining the manifestation of sounds, let us start with a brief outline of the fundamental segment structure principles offered by the theory of Phonological Government.  

scholarly journals Which properties of the visual stimuli predict the type of representation used in mental rotation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2462-2473
Author(s):  
Binglei Zhao ◽  
Chuan Zhu ◽  
Sergio Della Sala
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Vertex Number ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Representation Types

Two modes of internal representation, holistic and piecemeal transformation, have been reported as a means to perform mental rotation (MR) tasks. The stimulus complexity effect has been proposed as an indicator to disentangle between these two representation types. However, the complexity effect has not been fully confirmed owing to the fact that different performances could result from different types of stimuli. Moreover, whether the non-mirror foils play a role in forcing participants to encode all the information from the stimuli in MR tasks is still under debate. This study aims at testing the association between these two common types of representation with different stimuli in MR tasks. First, the numbers of segments and vertices in polygon stimuli were manipulated to test which property of the visual stimuli is more likely to influence the representation in MR tasks. Second, the role of non-mirror foils was examined by comparing the stimulus complexity effect in both with- and without-non-mirror foils conditions. The results revealed that the segment number affected the slope of the linear function relating response times to rotation angle, but the vertex number in the polygons did not. This suggests that a holistic representation was more likely to be adopted in processing integrated objects, whereas a piecemeal transformation was at play in processing multi-part objects. In addition, the stimulus complexity effect was observed in the with-non-mirror foils condition but not in the without-non-mirror foils one, providing a direct evidence to support the role of non-mirror foils in MR tasks.

Actual and Imagined Movements Reveal a Dual Role of the Insular Cortex for Motor Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Rousseau ◽  
Marie Barbiero ◽  
Thierry Pozzo ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis ◽  
Olivier White
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Conceptual Link

Abstract Movements rely on a mixture of feedforward and feedback mechanisms. With experience, the brain builds internal representations of actions in different contexts. Many factors are taken into account in this process among which is the immutable presence of gravity. Any displacement of a massive body in the gravitational field generates forces and torques that must be predicted and compensated by appropriate motor commands. The insular cortex is a key brain area for graviception. However, no attempt has been made to address whether the same internal representation of gravity is shared between feedforward and feedback mechanisms. Here, participants either mentally simulated (only feedforward) or performed (feedforward and feedback) vertical movements of the hand. We found that the posterior part of the insular cortex was engaged when feedback was processed. The anterior insula, however, was activated only in mental simulation of the action. A psychophysical experiment demonstrates participants’ ability to integrate the effects of gravity. Our results point toward a dual internal representation of gravity within the insula. We discuss the conceptual link between these two dualities.

Gestalt isomorphism and the primacy of subjective conscious experience: A Gestalt Bubble model

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lehar
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
Visual Consciousness ◽  
The Common

A serious crisis is identified in theories of neurocomputation, marked by a persistent disparity between the phenomenological or experiential account of visual perception and the neurophysiological level of description of the visual system. In particular, conventional concepts of neural processing offer no explanation for the holistic global aspects of perception identified by Gestalt theory. The problem is paradigmatic and can be traced to contemporary concepts of the functional role of the neural cell, known as the Neuron Doctrine. In the absence of an alternative neurophysiologically plausible model, I propose a perceptual modeling approach, to model the percept as experienced subjectively, rather than modeling the objective neurophysiological state of the visual system that supposedly subserves that experience. A Gestalt Bubble model is presented to demonstrate how the elusive Gestalt principles of emergence, reification, and invariance can be expressed in a quantitative model of the subjective experience of visual consciousness. That model in turn reveals a unique computational strategy underlying visual processing, which is unlike any algorithm devised by man, and certainly unlike the atomistic feed-forward model of neurocomputation offered by the Neuron Doctrine paradigm. The perceptual modeling approach reveals the primary function of perception as that of generating a fully spatial virtual-reality replica of the external world in an internal representation. The common objections to this “picture-in-the-head” concept of perceptual representation are shown to be ill founded.

The Three-Process Model of Implicit and Explicit Emotion

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Goal Relevance ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Emotion Concepts

The integrated memory model (IMM) proposed that the change process in psychotherapy involves the joint activation and reconsolidation of episodic memory, semantic memory, and emotional responses. The IMM did not thoroughly elaborate on what was meant by “emotional responses,” but a key concept was the distinction between implicit and explicit emotion. This chapter reviews the three-process model (TPM) of implicit and explicit emotion and its implications for extending the IMM. The TPM provides a detailed characterization (at cognitive, computational, and neural levels of description) of the processes associated with an emotional response. These processes include (a) situation appraisal and the subsequent generation of an affective (bodily, cognitive, and automatic skeletomotor) response, (b) the subsequent internal representation of that response (in terms of bodily sensations and emotion concepts), and (c) the role of salience, attention, and goal relevance in moderating whether or not one becomes aware of their emotions. After introducing the TPM, the author illustrates its utility in clarifying the nature of emotional responses in the IMM. The chapter also illustrates how the TPM can provide insight regarding the specific processes targeted by therapeutic interventions and how they could promote more adaptive emotional functioning.

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