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Author(s):  
Jackie Eunjung Relyea ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Sissy S. Wong ◽  
Courtney Samuelson ◽  
Ma. Glenda Lopez Wui

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
David Jutzeler ◽  

In 1977, Otakar Kudrna (*1939-†2021, obituary see Balletto and Leigheb, 2021) published his “Revision of the Genus Hipparchia”, where he classified all the known species and forms of this genus according to characters of wings, androconia, male genital armatures and further subjective criteria. Until today, Kudrna’s study is considered as the guideline of systematics of the genus Hipparchia. He selected there a lectotype specimen of a Rock Grayling male in the Linnaean collection. “Hipparchia hermione Linnaeus, 1764” is therefore, at the moment, the technically correct name to identify the species. The “International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature” (ICZN) has nothing to add at this point; it only comments on cases submitted to it in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. Within the meaning of the present study and in accordance with Verity (1913), this damaged specimen without abdomen represents the same species as Ignaz Schiffermüller – allegedly the only author of the Vienna directory (see Kudrna and B., 2005, p. 5) – has described under H. alcyone from the Vienna region by referring to a coloured copper engraving published by Rösel von Rosenhof (1755). Kudrna’s “Revision” became the starting point of an extended scientific research activity during my free time containing, as a matter of priority, the examination of problem cases of systematics by checking the preimaginal characters of many rearing series from different sites. It turned out that a number of classifications proposed by Kudrna (1977) had to be reassessed as soon as characters of the pre-imaginal stages were available. The most complex case I have verified concerned the third European Grayling species which Leraut (1990) introduced under the name of Hipparchia genava (Fruhstorfer, 1908). Kudrna (1977) failed to separate this species from H. alcyone (D. & S., 1775). Throughout his life, he never agreed with Leraut’s opinion. In recent years, Kudrna had hoped that genetic examinations would make redundant every rearing attempt by amateur lepidopterists and furnish the proof that his opinion was the correct one. Since he never undertook any rearing experiments, his systematics were based only on prepared imagines being housed in museum collections. He saw himself as a person with the competency to decide within a few minutes upon complex questions of taxonomy and ignored completely the assessments of others. For verifying the effective rank of H. genava, I had to examine also the two most closely related species: Hipparchia fagi and H. alcyone by rearing them all ex ovo with material from several widely spaced sites. Already on finalising my rearing work of this group, it became apparent that Leraut (1990) had been on the absolutely right path by accepting a third Grayling species, within this group. For the first time, I published the results of my rearing attempts between 2002 and 2006 in several articles in the quarterly bulletin Linneana Belgica and I readily provided information on this case to interested colleagues. Over time only, I realized that the Rock Grayling I knew from the volume on butterflies (Diurna) by Forster and Wohlfahrt (1955) as from the guides by Higgins and Riley (1970-84) under the name of H. alcyone had become H. hermione, because of the lectotype designation by Kudrna (1977). A stony path was in front of me to substantiate the factual correctness of the view taken by Leraut (1990). Complex clarifications by Peter Russell furnished well-founded arguments on the complex scientific issue why the use of the name “hermione Linnaeus, 1764” should be rejected for the Rock Grayling previously known as H. alcyone.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
L.A. TEREKHOVA

The category of “knowledgeable (experienced) persons” is not limited to experts only. Arbitration assessors and specialists are also referred to as knowledgeable persons; some scholars believe that a witness and even a judge can perform the functions of a knowledgeable person. The article focuses on the figure of a specialist, his consultations and responses to court inquiries. There is a lack of unification of the norms on the participation of a specialist in the Civil Procedure Code and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of seeking advice from a specialist is substantiated – this is a faster and less costly way of obtaining special knowledge necessary for considering a case. Consultation and examination are mutually complementary, the consultation may precede the examination, or, on the contrary, follow after the completion of the examination of the expert opinion, when questions have arisen to such a conclusion and the problem is solved with the appointment of additional or repeated examinations. The consultations are varied and subject to classification. It is substantiated, based on the differences in the nature of the consultations, that the consultation of a specialist on the use of technical means in the study of evidence cannot be compared with the consultation of a specialist on a complex scientific issue. As a classification criterion, the author proposes to consider the need for research and assessment of consultation, or the lack thereof. In the latter case, there is technical assistance and it would be legitimate not to classify it as evidence. However, research and assessment of the information presented is an attribute of working with evidence, therefore, in such cases, the status of evidence should be recognized for consultation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Edirisinghe OBE

Since the publication of the headline review on ‘Surface interactions and viability of coronaviruses' in Journal of the Royal Society Interface in January 2021 ( https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0798 ), it has been my earnest desire to focus the minds of the scientific community on the role played by surfaces in the spread of COVID-19, especially the input physical sciences and engineering can impart to decelerate the spread of this disease worldwide. In fact, fig. 4 of the above-mentioned review clearly illustrated how persistence and viability of different coronavirus strains were dependent on widely used material surfaces. I thought the best way to achieve this goal on this rather complex and novel scientific issue was to put together a concise theme issue in Interface Focus where we bring together the opinions of a few internationally leading researchers on this important topic to collectively reduce the burden of COVID-19. Coronavirus and surfaces, the theme of this issue, is of utmost importance to many commercially significant industries such as packaging, textiles and metal forming. As the virus mutates and alters its anchoring and survival capabilities, this theme on coronavirus and surfaces will become more important, so we need to focus on this theme scientifically and methodically, with utmost urgency.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3499
Author(s):  
Angela Kuriata-Potasznik ◽  
Sławomir Szymczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Bęś ◽  
Marcin Sidoruk ◽  
Andrzej Skwierawski ◽  
...  

The effect of river–lake systems on the surface water self-purification process is a significant and not fully recognised scientific issue. The conditions prevailing in the hyporheic zone of these ecosystems are of great importance in the process of component exchange between water and sediments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the type of sediments located at the bottom of the riverbed being part of a river–lake system on microbial activity in the hyporheic zone. An ex situ experiment was used to study the microbiological activity and the transformation of components in the collected river sediments. It was found that the specific properties of sediments varied depending on their location in the riverbed between the lakes comprising the system and that the prevailing meteorological conditions can also have an effect on microbial activity in the hyporheic zone, e.g., aerobic conditions. These conditions determined the intensity of component conversion in the sediments due to microbial metabolism. A closer understanding of the processes occurring in the hyporheic zone may allow the processes of water self-purification within river–lake systems to be supported in the future, which will contribute to the improvement of surface water quality.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Agung W. Subiantoro ◽  
David Treagust ◽  
Kok-Sing Tang

Abstract Promoting socio-scientific issue (SSI)-based instruction in Indonesian science classrooms requires competent science teachers. To understand teachers’ perceptions about the implementation of SSI-based instruction, a case study involving four biology teachers engaged in a teacher professional development program was conducted. The program consisted of four phases: reflection on teachers’ prior teaching experience and background knowledge, 3-day SSI-based teaching workshop, collaborative development and implementation of SSI-based learning in biology, and post-implementation reflections by teachers. Teachers’ perceptions were gathered via interviews and written reflections, which were analyzed qualitatively with an explanation building mode approach. Findings indicated a positive development along four dimensions: knowledge about SSIs and scientific literacy, the necessity of including SSIs in science instruction, situational factors related to addressing SSIs in class, and teachers’ attitude towards teaching SSIs. Further research needs to be conducted in Indonesian contexts to be able to extend the SSI teacher professional development program to different regions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
I. S. Laba ◽  
Yu. M. Azarenko ◽  
O. М. Ievtushenko

Aim. To conduct the marketing research of the Ukrainian market in the segment of antihemorrhagic agents used in dentistry.Materials and methods. The study was performed using the structural analysis, logical and graphical methods, marketing analysis methods.Results. The state of the Ukrainian market of drugs of this group has been determined. The market structure has been revealed in the number of names, brands, in forms of production, manufacturers, composition. Despite the sufficient number of registered drugs at the market (26 positions), a rather small arsenal  of active substances (4) and dosage forms (3) can be observed. The market is characterized by a limited amount of drugs with a certain pharmacodynamics combining a rapid hemostatic effect, safety in use, the ability to suppress bacterial flora, and without the effect on healthy tissues. However, a positive moment should be noted: by the structure of manufacturer countries the market remains domestic (60 : 40).Conclusions. The Ukrainian pharmaceutical market is characterized by a sufficient assortment of hemostatic agents, but the use of these drugs in dentistry has its limitations. Dental doctors have certain problems with the occurrence of capillary bleeding and require a sufficient amount of effective and fastacting drugs for local application. Therefore, the search and creation of new drugs with a similar action at this stage remains a relevant scientific issue.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huixin Yan ◽  
◽  
Yun An ◽  
Tao Zhao ◽  
Jiangna Zhao ◽  
...  

Review question / Objective: This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of Tuina in the treatment of Sciatica to clarify its efficacy and safety. Condition being studied: Sciatica is one of the common pain symptoms in the human body, also known as radiating leg pain. Sciatica is increasingly occurring due to poor posture and lack of physical exercise all over the world. At present, many studies have indicated that Tuina can improve the clinical symptoms and functional status of sciatica. However, there is currently no relevant systematic review to evaluate and report this clinical scientific issue. Consequently, this study will conduct a meta-analysis on the effectiveness and safety of Tuina therapy for sciatica.


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