Collective Belief Defended

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bruno ◽  
J. M. Fritzman
Keyword(s):  
Collective Belief

scholarly journals Reflections on the Ontology of Money

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uskali Mäki
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Causal Powers ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Institutional Facts ◽  
Collective Belief

Abstract The suggestions outlined here include the following. Money is a bundle of institutionally sustained causal powers. Money is an institutional universal instantiated in generic currencies and particular money tokens. John Searle’s account of institutional facts is not helpful for understanding the nature of money as an institution (while it may help to illuminate aspects of the nature of currencies and money particulars). The money universal is not a social convention in David Lewis’s sense (while currencies and money particulars are characterized by high degrees of conventionality). The existence of the money universal is dependent on a larger institutional structure and cannot be understood in terms of collective belief or acceptance or agreement separately focusing on money. These claims have important implications for realism about money.

Pediatricians' Relation to For-Profit Corporations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1280-1281
Author(s):  
ARTHUR F. KOHRMAN
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Physician Behavior ◽  
The Self ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
First Order ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Fiduciary Responsibility ◽  
Ethical Violation ◽  
Collective Belief

Of all the forms of deception, self-deception is both the most ubiquitous and the most resistant to detection and correction. When sanctioned and legitimated by professional groups, Dr Margolis1 argues, self-deception is all the more pernicious and dangerous. Most important, he asserts that the collective belief that physician behavior is not influenced by gift-giving pharmaceutical companies is an abandonment of the fiduciary responsibility of the physician and an ethical violation of the first order. Dr Margolis describes in excellent fashion how that abandonment violates fundamental ethical principles of nonmaleficence, fidelity, and justice. He also suggests that the pursuit of the self-deception threatens the very autonomy which physicians cherish as the bedrock of their professional identity.

What is a Collective Belief?

2004 ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Orléan
Keyword(s):  
Collective Belief

Cumulation Across Attitudes and Plural Projection

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-609
Author(s):  
Viola Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
Part Structure ◽  
De Dicto ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Collective Belief

Abstract This paper investigates cumulative readings of sentences in which some, but not all of the plural expressions have a de dicto reading, i.e. sentences where the lower plural is interpreted in the scope of an attitude verb like believe. I argue that such cases represent a problem for existing accounts of cumulativity, because the required cumulative relation cannot be formed. I then motivate and propose an alternative analysis where all plural expressions are interpreted in situ: I expand the ‘plural projection’ framework put forth by Haslinger & Schmitt (2018, 2019), Schmitt (2019), where embedded pluralities ‘project’ to the denotations of higher nodes in the sense that the latter reflect the part-structure of the former and where cumulativity is derived via a compositional rule in a step-by-step fashion. I show that if the denotations of the plurals with the de dicto construal are analyzed as pluralities of individual concepts, which project in the afore-mentioned sense to pluralities of propositions, the data can be explained straightforwardly. This proposal differs from treatments in terms of collective belief that don’t appeal to pluralities of propositions ( Pasternak 2018a, b), in that it (i) arguably generalizes to a larger number of examples and (ii) links grammatical plurality in the embedded clause to the availability of cumulative readings.

Hope in the Lives of Low-Income Students of Color: A Qualitative Study of Experiences in a Work-Based Learning Program

2020 ◽  
pp. 089484532093743
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Medvide ◽  
Maureen E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Students Of Color ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Hope Theory ◽  
Youth Of Color ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Catholic High School ◽  
Phenomenological Methodology ◽  
Collective Belief

This study explored the experiences of low-income students of color who participated in a work-based learning (WBL) program while attending a Catholic high school. Historically, research on student outcomes in WBL programs has been mixed, and few studies have provided insights into how low-income youth of color can benefit. This study utilized a phenomenological methodology to capture hope among these youth and to delineate these students’ lived experiences within their relational, organizational, and sociocultural contexts. The results showed participants’ goal setting and motivation were fostered by a sense of connection to others at school and a collective belief that success was possible for all students despite whatever challenges they faced. The participants also discussed hopes for the future within the context of workplace support, religious faith, and past hopelessness. The results provide avenues to design WBL programs that consider students’ supports and barriers and further contextualize hope theory.

Motherhood as Motivation: American Jewish Women in Action, 1890–1940

2017 ◽  
pp. 207-224
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Klapper
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Crucial Ingredient ◽  
Collective Belief

This chapter discusses maternalism as a collective belief in gender difference based on motherhood as the foundation for reform. It argues that maternalism was a crucial ingredient in the activism of Jewish women of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also mentions Der Fraynd, the socialist Workmen's Circle monthly publication that linked the origins of the women's rights movement to prehistoric matriarchal societies in the fight for suffrage. The chapter analyses the peace movement that exhorted Jewish mothers to pass on the value of peace to their children and instruct them about the evils of war. It looks at how maternalism provided a framework and language for maintaining Jewish identity within a wider societal sphere as Jewish women moved into more public arenas and joined with women of different ethnic identities.

Learning China’s History Lessons

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Collective Belief ◽  
Party State

This chapter draws upon extensive Chinese-language scholarship to explain how China’s experience as a target and practitioner of economic statecraft forged a distinctive strategic culture regarding economic statecraft. Chinese experts and policymakers express confidence that economic resources can be deployed for both strategic leverage and reassurance, faith that economic statecraft can be deployed in ways that advantage both China and the recipient country, and a belief that the Party-state can and should mobilize commercial actors to advance Beijing’s foreign policy goals. They justify China’s ambitious approach by skepticism toward Western claims of morality, identification of China as a developing country, and faith in the overriding benefits of economic growth. The chapter concludes by describing how this collective belief system influences experts’ views on policy challenges and their proposed solutions.

Remarks on Conversation and Negotiated Collective Belief

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 74-98
Author(s):  
Frederick F. Schmitt ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Collective Belief

Gilbert (1989) and Gilbert and Priest (2013) have argued that paradigmatic conversations involve a collectivity of the conversers who participate in the conversation, in the sense that the conversers put forth and negotiate proposals of propositions to be collectively believed by them. Here I explore the plausibility of this Negotiated Collective Belief (NCB) thesis. I begin by supporting a more basic claim, that the nature of conversation itself entails that a conversation always involves a collectivity of the conversers. I then endorse and supplement Gilbert and Priest’s argument for the NCB thesis. I trace resistance to the thesis to the view that collective belief plays no important role in two primary social ends of conversation, exchanging information and making personal connections. I concede that this is so, but I endorse the view (with roots in Taylor 1985) that collective belief does play an important role in a different primary social end of conversation, the creation of a public space of thought. Thus, the NCB thesis is supported by argument and contributes to an explanation of how conversation fulfills one of its primary social ends.

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