Learning China’s History Lessons

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Collective Belief ◽  
Party State

This chapter draws upon extensive Chinese-language scholarship to explain how China’s experience as a target and practitioner of economic statecraft forged a distinctive strategic culture regarding economic statecraft. Chinese experts and policymakers express confidence that economic resources can be deployed for both strategic leverage and reassurance, faith that economic statecraft can be deployed in ways that advantage both China and the recipient country, and a belief that the Party-state can and should mobilize commercial actors to advance Beijing’s foreign policy goals. They justify China’s ambitious approach by skepticism toward Western claims of morality, identification of China as a developing country, and faith in the overriding benefits of economic growth. The chapter concludes by describing how this collective belief system influences experts’ views on policy challenges and their proposed solutions.

ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE PROCESS OF INTERACTION DIVERSE ECONOMIC RESOURCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Z. A. IVANOVA ◽  
◽  
E. V. LEBEDEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Satisfaction Of Needs

In the article the authors consider numerous economic goals with limited resources, reveal the difficulties and obstacles in matters of economic choice. Difficulties in choosing the best of the opposite options for their use, which ensures maximum satisfaction of needs.

Does This Road Go on Forever? Modelling Sustainability of Infrastructure in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Streatfeild
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Political Economy Analysis ◽  
Maintenance Performance

There are not enough roads in developing countries but it is not for a lack of spending to address this shortfall. Multilateral and bilateral development agencies have invested billions of dollars to build up new transportation networks because the shortage of road supply constrains trade and economic growth. However, these new roads often do not last as long as initially anticipated so many of the same donors worry that governments will not provide sufficient maintenance of these investments. In turn, economists suggest that weak maintenance performance may be due to low institutional capacity in the recipient country or even a lack of budgetary funds—both easy fixes that warrant an optimal benefit stream according to their economic rate of return in HDM4 models (“ERR”). However, these maintenance reforms have had mixed results which we argue is the result of a deeply entrenched institutional concern that requires intricate analysis and project-tailored reform approaches to remedy. Even then, these reforms may not exhibit incremental benefits for an ERR. In sum, ERR models of roads should include a rigorous political economy analysis as a due diligence prerequisite in order to substantiate any included assumptions of maintenance reforms resulting from a donor project.

Development for All

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-31
Author(s):  
Marianne Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Persons With Disabilities

Development efforts—the provision of support to countries with lesser economic resources—have long overlooked persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) tries to rectify this with a stand-alone provision on inclusive development, ensuring that efforts to accelerate economic growth and related factors are inclusive of and accessible to persons with disabilities. This chapter discusses the rationale behind the stand-alone provision and the potential it holds for more equitable and inclusive growth, including the role that technology plays in increasing accessibility.

scholarly journals Manpower Planning in the Professions

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
David Stager ◽  
Noah M. Meltz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Manpower Planning ◽  
Excess Demand ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject

Manpower planning has been the subject of discussion and heated debate for more than a decade. Proponents have claimed that planning will enhance economic growth, particularly when it relates to professional and skilled manpower.1 Opponents have claimed that such planning distorts the market and will lead to excess supply or excess demand and in either case is costly in terms of economic resources. Our objective in this paper is to outline the general issues in manpower planning, briefly look at what is being done today in Canada, and then offer some suggestions concerning directions manpower planning might take. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the subject since other studies have gone into far more depth.3 Instead, we want to raise what we consider to be the major questions concerning how and what manpower planning is done.

scholarly journals Economic Sustainability of a New Born State

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Afrim Hoti ◽  
Fitore Bekteshi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
New Born ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Civil And Political Rights

Sustainable development is the concept of a relationship between economic growth and the environment and especially when it comes to a new born country, such as Kosovo. It is naturally important for Kosovo as country, which used to be for a long time with no adequate attention in terms of the economic development under the Yugoslavian political, legal and economic development. Republic of Kosovo is among the richest countries in Europe and wider, seen on the perspective of natural and human resources as well as for geographical position. Nevertheless, the country never had the opportunity to develop itself, using its own resources. Internationally, based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights as well as the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, when speaking for self-determination, apart from politics, these documents include the exclusive rights of nations to develop research as well as to orient its country economic resources and economic agenda. Therefore paper aims to present facts on the implication of domestic and international politics in relation to the economic development of a new born country. The analysis will be focused on the policies of Kosovo, as well as activities undertaken in the direction of building an attracting environment in Kosovo for Foreign Direct and Indirect Investments as well as to incite local and international initiatives for business, aiming the general economic growth and the economical sustainability of the state.

Asymmetric Mutual Dependence between the State and Capitalists in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changdong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
State Transition ◽  
Market Transition ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Tax State ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
Party State

China has for almost four decades been experiencing a market transition and an associated tax state transition, leading to the emergence of capitalists who increasingly control economic resources and serve as important sources of tax revenue. Some theories suggest that these changes should give capitalists political power. From the perspective of the taxation institution, using a mechanism-based case study, this article investigates whether China’s emerging capitalists have gained bargaining power with the party-state. Findings suggest that hidden bargaining, patron-clientelism, legislature co-optation, and legal repression constrain their bargaining power. The underinstitutionalized taxation system has co-opted the capitalists through patronage and, more important, deterrence, thereby building an asymmetric mutual dependence between the local state and capital owners.

Entrepreneurial Thinking in the Educational System

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Cătălin Grădinaru ◽  
Sorin-George I. Toma ◽  
Paul I. Marinescu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Sustainable Economy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

Education is the critical vein for human development, for society and economic growth. Because the context nowadays is vacillating, sometimes turbulent even, mankind needs empowerment through a belief system. We believe that an educated man is key to a sustainable economy, one that promotes values, lucidity and rationality. Education is modelled by and models society, through the way we think, act and react. The individual is the main actor on life's scene and he is responsible of the various shapes and forms of the socio-economic systems, of different contexts and behaviours in general. In this chapter, we aim to highlight the importance of entrepreneurship, management, creativity in managing an educational institution (system). We will analyse how an entrepreneurial system should look like, how creative thinking helps and how it will contribute to an “educated development”.

Introduction

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Interest Alignment

This introductory chapter develops a new conceptual framework for understanding how China’s complex domestic structures influence the practice and effectiveness of China’s economic statecraft. China’s orchestration approach integrates three core elements: the “nesting” of orchestration tactics within its hierarchical structures; the use of lucrative “tournaments” designed to attract eager participants while facilitating oversight and discipline; and designing economic statecraft initiatives to maximize interest alignment between central leaders’ foreign policy goals and the interests of key implementing actors. The chapter concludes with the book’s research methodology and a book overview.

Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste

Orchestration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 60-88
Author(s):  
James Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy

This chapter examines four Chinese economic statecraft initiatives across Western Europe. It starts with Beijing’s “purchasing diplomacy”: the public presentation of investments and purchases by major Chinese enterprises in the wake of Europe’s financial crisis. It next turns to China’s financial statecraft, examining Beijing’s purchases of euro-denominated debt and support for the EU’s currency stabilization efforts. Despite domestic criticism of both initiatives, Chinese policymakers effectively incentivized and coordinated among banks and economic agencies. The third case examines Beijing’s promotion of RMB internationalization in Europe. Policymakers successfully leveraged competition among Europe’s financial capitals to secure political support for Beijing’s policy objectives. The final case provides an example of infrastructure investment by a state-owned enterprise: COSCO’s massive investment into the Greek port of Piraeus. Despite successful implementation, Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining China’s foreign policy goals in Western Europe.

Commentary: the Policy Framework

2008 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Martin Weale
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Fiscal Balance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy

The Government, when it came to power in 1997, adopted a monetary and fiscal policy framework which was intended to deliver low and stable inflation, high and stable economic growth and fiscal balance as a basis for fairness between generations. It is abundantly clear from the chaos of the past few weeks that the policy has failed. Given that the policy goals are unlikely to be criticised, the question addressed here is which parts of the policy need replacing or augmenting.

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