Dual-goal facilitation in Wason's 2–4–6 task: What mediates successful rule discovery?

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Gale ◽  
Linden J. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Valence ◽  
Hypotheses Testing ◽  
Rule Discovery ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Positivity Bias ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Counterfactual Model ◽  
Complementarity Theory ◽  
And Task

The standard 2–4–6 task requires discovery of a single rule and produces success rates of about 20%, whereas the dual-goal (DG) version requests discovery of two complementary rules and elevates success to over 60%. The experiment examined two explanations of DG superiority: Evans’ (1989) positivity-bias account, and Wharton, Cheng, and Wickens’ (1993) goal-complementarity theory. Two DG conditions were employed that varied the linguistic labelling of rules (either positively labelled Dax vs. Med, or mixed-valence “fits” vs. “does not fit”). Solution-success results supported the goal-complementarity theory since facilitation arose in both DG conditions relative to single-goal tasks, irrespective of the linguistic labelling of hypotheses. DG instructions also altered quantitative and qualitative aspects of hypothesis-testing behaviour, and analyses revealed the novel result that the production of at least a single descending triple mediates between DG instructions and task success. We propose that the identification of an appropriate contrast class that delimits the scope of complementary rules may be facilitated through the generation of a descending instance. Overall, our findings can best be accommodated by Oaksford and Chater's (1994) iterative counterfactual model of hypotheses testing, which can readily subsume key elements of the goal-complementarity theory.

Impact of Pre-Study Exploration on System Usability Scale and Task Success Rates for Automotive Interfaces

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satheesh Kumar Chandran ◽  
James Forbes ◽  
Carrie Bittick ◽  
Kathleen Allanson ◽  
Santosh Erupaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rates ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
System Usability ◽  
Task Success ◽  
And Task

Appearance and Task Success in Novel Avatars

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Stevenson Won ◽  
Jeremy N. Bailenson ◽  
Jaron Lanier
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
One To One ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Task

Novel avatar bodies are ones that are not controlled in a one-to-one relationship between the user’s body and the avatar body, for example, when the avatar’s arms are controlled by the user’s legs, or, when the avatar has a third arm. People have been shown to complete tasks more successfully when controlling novel avatar bodies than when controlling avatars that conform to the normal human configurations, when those novel avatars are better suited to the task (Won, Bailenson, Lee, & Lanier, 2015). However, the novel avatars in such studies tend to follow two conventions. First, the novel avatars still resemble biological forms, and second, the novel extensions of the avatar are connected to the avatar body. In the following study, participants operated bodies with three arms. We examined the interaction between biological appearance of the third arm and whether it was attached to the body. There was a significant effect of biological appearance on performance, such that participants inhabiting an avatar with a biological appearance did worse overall. There was also an interaction with biological appearance and an extension that appeared detached from the participant’s body such that participants in this condition performed most poorly overall. We propose a relationship between self-reported presence and task success, and discuss the implications of these findings for the design, implementation, and use of novel avatars.

scholarly journals User Satisfaction Reward Estimation Across Domains: Domain-independent Dialogue Policy Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-114
Author(s):  
Stefan Ultes ◽  
Wolfgang Maier
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Dialogue Systems ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Spoken Dialogue Systems ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Domain Independent ◽  
Similar Task ◽  
And Task

Learning suitable and well-performing dialogue behaviour in statistical spoken dialogue systems has been in the focus of research for many years. While most work that is based on reinforcement learning employs an objective measure like task success for modelling the reward signal, we propose to use a reward signal based on user satisfaction. We propose a novel estimator and show that it outperforms all previous estimators while learning temporal dependencies implicitly. We show in simulated experiments that a live user satisfaction estimation model may be applied resulting in higher estimated satisfaction whilst achieving similar success rates. Moreover, we show that a satisfaction estimation model trained on one domain may be applied in many other domains that cover a similar task. We verify our findings by employing the model to one of the domains for learning a policy from real users and compare its performance to policies using user satisfaction and task success acquired directly from the users as reward.

MOTION PLANNING USING PREDICTED PERCEPTIVE CAPABILITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 435-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPP MICHEL ◽  
JOEL CHESTNUTT ◽  
SATOSHI KAGAMI ◽  
KOICHI NISHIWAKI ◽  
JAMES J. KUFFNER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Perception System ◽  
Task Success

We present an approach to motion planning for humanoid robots that aims to ensure reliable execution by augmenting the planning process to reason about the robot's ability to successfully perceive its environment during operation. By efficiently simulating the robot's perception system during search, our planner utilizes a perceptive capability metric that quantifies the 'sensability' of the environment in each state given the task to be accomplished. We have applied our method to the problem of planning robust autonomous grasping motions and walking sequences as performed by an HRP-2 humanoid. A fast GPU-accelerated 3D tracker is used for perception, with a grasp planner and footstep planner incorporating reasoning about the robot's perceptive capability. Experimental results show that considering information about the predicted perceptive capability ensures that sensing remains operational throughout the grasping or walking sequence and yields higher task success rates than perception-unaware planning.

scholarly journals Tetramer Compound of Manganese Ions with Mixed Valence [MnII MnIII MnIV] and Its Spatial, Electronic, Magnetic, and Theoretical Studies

Crystals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cándida Pastor-Ramírez ◽  
Rafael Ulloa ◽  
Daniel Ramírez-Rosales ◽  
Hugo Vázquez-Lima ◽  
Samuel Hernández-Anzaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Valence ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Local Geometry ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Manganese Ions ◽  
Computational Calculations ◽  
Valence Electrons ◽  
Coordination Reaction

Using different spectroscopic techniques and computational calculations, we describe the structural and electromagnetic relationship that causes many interesting phenomena within a novel coordination compound with mixed valence manganese (II, III and IV) in its crystal and powder state. The novel compound [MnII MnIII MnIV(HL)2(H2L)2(H2O)4](NO3)2(H2O) 1 was obtained with the Schiff base (E)-2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amine)-2-(hydroximethyl)propane-1,3-diol, (H4L), and Mn(NO3)2.4H2O. The coordination reaction was promoted by the deprotonation of the ligand by the soft base triethylamine. The paper’s main contribution is the integration of the experimental and computational studies to explain the interesting magnetic behavior that the mixed valence manganese multimetallic core shows. The results presented herein, which are rarely found for Mn(II), (III) and (IV) complexes, will contribute to the understanding of the magnetic communication generated by the valence electrons and its repercussion in the local geometry and in the overall crystalline structure.

Volunteering as Group Spokesman as a Function of Task Effectiveness, Leader Success, and Task Similarity

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-917
Author(s):  
Jack M. Wright ◽  
Morgan Worthy
Keyword(s):  
Task Success ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Task Similarity ◽  
Type Apparatus ◽  
And Task

By reversing the procedure in a Crutchfield-type apparatus, the frequency of adopting the job of spokesman for one's group was studied as a function of the following variables: effectiveness of performance on a previous task, success in influencing the behavior of other group members; and task similarity. Results for 64 male Ss indicate that persons are most willing to function as spokesmen for the group when they have been effective on an earlier task. This is especially likely when the earlier task is similar to the task on which they volunteer as spokesmen or when Ss had been unable to influence other group members' judgments on the previous task. The interpretation is advanced that some types of leadership attempts occur more readily on the basis of feeling of adequacy on the task than on feelings of acceptance as leader (i.e., successful influence).

Schema cells in the macaque hippocampus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 363 (6427) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baraduc ◽  
J.-R. Duhamel ◽  
S. Wirth
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Virtual Maze ◽  
And Task ◽  
Conceptual Schemas

Concept cells in the human hippocampus encode the meaning conveyed by stimuli over their perceptual aspects. Here we investigate whether analogous cells in the macaque can form conceptual schemas of spatial environments. Each day, monkeys were presented with a familiar and a novel virtual maze, sharing a common schema but differing by surface features (landmarks). In both environments, animals searched for a hidden reward goal only defined in relation to landmarks. With learning, many neurons developed a firing map integrating goal-centered and task-related information of the novel maze that matched that for the familiar maze. Thus, these hippocampal cells abstract the spatial concepts from the superficial details of the environment and encode space into a schema-like representation.

scholarly journals Safety and effectiveness of a novel generator algorithm for bipolar vessel sealing: a randomised controlled chronic animal study

BMC Surgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kraemer ◽  
Christos Tsaousidis ◽  
Stephan Kruck ◽  
Martin Schenk ◽  
Marcus Scharpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Study ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Vessel Sealing ◽  
Thermal Spread

Abstract Background Electrosurgical vessel sealers are gradually replacing conventional techniques such as ligation and clipping. Algorithms that control electrosurgical units (ESU), known as modes, are important for applications in different surgical disciplines. This chronic porcine animal study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the novel thermoSEAL electrosurgical vessel sealing mode (TSM). The BiClamp® mode (BCM) of the renowned VIO® 300 D ESU served as control. BCM has been widely available since 2002 and has since been successfully used in many surgical disciplines. The TSM, for the novel VIO® 3 ESU, was developed to reduce sealing time and/or thermal lateral spread adjacent to the seal while maintaining clinical success rates. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the long-term and intraoperative seal quality of TSM. Methods The BiCision® device was used for vessel sealing with TSM and BCM in ten German Landrace pigs which underwent splenectomy and unilateral nephrectomy during the first intervention of the study. The seals were cut with the BiCision® knife. Ninety-nine arteries, veins and vascular bundles were chronically sealed for 5 or 21 days. Thereafter, during the second and terminal intervention of the study, 97 additional arteries and veins were sealed. The carotid arteries were used for histological evaluation of thermal spread. Results After each survival period, no long-term complications occurred with either mode. The intraoperative seal failure rates, i.e. vessel leaking or residual blood flow after the first sealing activation, were 2% with TSM versus 6% with BCM (p = 0.28). The sealing time was significantly shorter with TSM (3.5 ± 0.69 s vs. 7.3 ± 1.3 s, p < 0.0001). The thermal spread and burst pressure of arteries sealed with both modes were similar (p = 0.18 and p = 0.61) and corresponded to the histological evaluation. The measured tissue sticking parameter was rare with both modes (p = 0.33). Tissue charring did not occur. Regarding the cut quality, 97% of the seals were severed in the first and 3% in the second attempt (both with TSM and BCM). Conclusions The novel TSM seals blood vessels twice as fast as the BCM while maintaining excellent tissue effect and clinical success rates. Trial registration Not applicable.

scholarly journals Contributions to the stereochemistry of zirconium oxysalts—part III: syntheses and crystal structures of M2+Zr(SO4)3 with M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Cd, and a note on (Fe3+,2+,Zr)2(SO4)3 and Fe2(SO4)3

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 1877-1892
Author(s):  
Gerald Giester ◽  
Dominik Talla ◽  
Manfred Wildner
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Valence ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Space Group ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Zirconium Oxysalts ◽  
Oxygen Bond

Abstract The novel compounds M2+Zr(SO4)3 with M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd as well as (Fe3+,2+,Zr)2(SO4)3 were synthesized at mild hydrothermal conditions (Teflon-lined stainless steel vessels, 220 °C) from the mixtures of Zr2O2(CO3)(OH)2, the respective M2+(SO4)·nH2O hydrated salts, H2SO4 and a minor amount of water. Crystals up to several tenths of a mm in size were obtained within a few days and studied at 200 K by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. All these compounds belong to the structure type of monoclinic Fe2(SO4)3; they are either isotypic in space group P21/n (No. 14), Z = 4, i.e. M2+Zr(SO4)3 with M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd as well as the mixed valence sulfate (Fe3+,2+,Zr)2(SO4)3 or in the case of MgZr(SO4)3, closely related but with a larger unit cell, in space group Pc and Z = 8. The framework of the monoclinic Fe2(SO4)3 structure is characterized by two types of isolated Fe3+O6 octahedra, corner-linked with three types of sulfate groups. In the isotypic M2+Zr(SO4)3 series, the Fe3+ atom on the Fe(1) position is substituted by Zr4+ while M2+ ions occupy the Fe(2) site in the ferric sulfate structure type. Mean cation-oxygen bond lengths (S[4]: 1.462–1.472 Å; Zr[6]: 2.053–2.060 Å as well as M2+–O distances) are generally rather short, but still within the range reported in literature. Graphic abstract

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of the Novel Heptanuclear Oxonitro Complex of Platinum with Mixed Valence K8((O2N)6Pt(II)3(μ-O)3Pt(IV)(μ-O)3Pt( II)3(NO2)6)×7 H2O.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (26) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
V. V. LAPKIN ◽  
M. D. SURAZHSKAYA ◽  
L. K. SHUBOCHKIN ◽  
T. B. LARINA ◽  
P. A. KOZ'MIN
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Valence ◽  
The Novel
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