Schema cells in the macaque hippocampus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 363 (6427) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baraduc ◽  
J.-R. Duhamel ◽  
S. Wirth
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Virtual Maze ◽  
And Task ◽  
Conceptual Schemas

Concept cells in the human hippocampus encode the meaning conveyed by stimuli over their perceptual aspects. Here we investigate whether analogous cells in the macaque can form conceptual schemas of spatial environments. Each day, monkeys were presented with a familiar and a novel virtual maze, sharing a common schema but differing by surface features (landmarks). In both environments, animals searched for a hidden reward goal only defined in relation to landmarks. With learning, many neurons developed a firing map integrating goal-centered and task-related information of the novel maze that matched that for the familiar maze. Thus, these hippocampal cells abstract the spatial concepts from the superficial details of the environment and encode space into a schema-like representation.

Establishment of the Tour-Site Navigation System - Using HsinChu City as an Example

2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 3431-3435
Author(s):  
Yan Chyuan Shiau ◽  
Lian Ting Lu ◽  
Tai Yu Chen ◽  
Chih Ying Lee
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Image ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Distance Calculation ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Er Model

As the living quality of the citizens gradually improved, traveling becomes an important recreational activity. The internet speedily provides information related to tour sites. However, web pages generally present merely words and pictures that are not impressive enough to the viewers. Spatial concepts, distance calculation, and tools for vacation planning are also often not provided by the websites. This study combines the usage of 3dSpace, GoogleMap, ER Model, Windows Mobile, SuperPad. It gathers the tour-sites related information of HsinChu city; such as local restaurants, famous attractions, and high rating hotels in the area. The study develops search interface integrated with the Google Map Engine. After selecting of category and input of specific key words, the related information of specific location and 360° satellite image could be shown on browser. The route calculation trips between local attractions is provided on this project. This investigation combines the GPS function to the smart phone, helping the users to arrive at their destination correctly within the minimum time.

scholarly journals Cascading Forgetting in Product Development Challenges and Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2527-2536
Author(s):  
Patricia Kügler ◽  
Claudia Schon ◽  
Benjamin Schleich ◽  
Steffen Staab ◽  
Sandro Wartzack
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Intentional Forgetting ◽  
Novel Approach

AbstractVast amounts of information and knowledge is produced and stored within product design projects. Especially for reuse and adaptation there exists no suitable method for product designers to handle this information overload. Due to this, the selection of relevant information in a specific development situation is time-consuming and inefficient. To tackle this issue, the novel approach Intentional Forgetting (IF) is applied for product design, which aims to support reuse and adaptation by reducing the vast amount of information to the relevant. Within this contribution an IF-operator called Cascading Forgetting is introduced and evaluated, which was implemented for forgetting related information elements in ontology knowledge bases. For the evaluation the development process of a test-rig for studying friction and wear behaviour of the cam/tappet contact in combustion engines is analysed. Due to the interdisciplinary task of the evaluation and the characteristics of semantic model, challenges are discussed. In conclusion, the focus of the evaluation is to consider how reliable the Cascading Forgetting works and how intuitive ontology-based representations appear to engineers.

Nanomodified Endotracheal Tubes: Spatial Analysis of Reduced Bacterial Colonization in a Bench Top Airway Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Machado ◽  
Keiko M. Tarquinio ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Endotracheal Tubes ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Log Reduction

ABSTRACTVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious and costly clinical problem. Specifically, receiving mechanical ventilation for over 24 hours increases the risk of VAP and is associated with high morbidity, mortality and medical costs. Cost effective endotracheal tubes (ETTs) that are resistant to bacterial infection could help prevent this problem. The objective of this study was to determine differences in the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) on nanomodified and unmodified polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ETTs under dynamic airway conditions. PVC ETTs were modified to have nanometer surface features by soaking them inRhizopus arrhisus,a fungal lipase. Twenty-four hour experiments (supported by computational models) showed that air flow conditions within the ETT influenced both the location and concentration of bacterial growth on the ETTs especially within areas of tube curvature. More importantly, experiments revealed a 1.5 log reduction in the total number ofS. aureuson the novel nanomodified ETTs compared to the conventional ETTs after 24 hours of air flow. This dynamic study showed that lipase etching can create nano-rough surface features on PVC ETTs that suppressS. aureusgrowth and, thus, may provide clinicians with an effective and inexpensive tool to combat VAP.

Forming Tool Use Representations: A Neurophysiological Investigation into Tool Exposure

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2920-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Christopher Mizelle ◽  
Teresa Tang ◽  
Nikta Pirouz ◽  
Lewis A. Wheaton
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Indirect Exposure

Prior work has identified a common left parietofrontal network for storage of tool-related information for various tasks. How these representations become established within this network on the basis of different modes of exposure is unclear. Here, healthy subjects engaged in physical practice (direct exposure) with familiar and unfamiliar tools. A separate group of subjects engaged in video-based observation (indirect exposure) of the same tools to understand how these learning strategies create representations. To assess neural mechanisms engaged for pantomime after different modes of exposure, a pantomime task was performed for both tools while recording neural activation with high-density EEG. Motor planning–related neural activation was evaluated using beta band (13–22 Hz) event-related desynchronization. Hemispheric dominance was assessed, and activation maps were generated to understand topography of activations. Comparison of conditions (effects of tool familiarity and tool exposure) was performed with standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Novel tool pantomime following direct exposure resulted in greater activations of bilateral parietofrontal regions. Activations following indirect training varied by tool familiarity; pantomime of the familiar tool showed greater activations in left parietofrontal areas, whereas the novel tool showed greater activations at right temporoparieto-occipital areas. These findings have relevance to the mechanisms for understanding motor-related behaviors involved in new tools that we have little or no experience with and can extend into advancing theories of tool use motor learning.

Appearance and Task Success in Novel Avatars

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Stevenson Won ◽  
Jeremy N. Bailenson ◽  
Jaron Lanier
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Task Success ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
One To One ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Task

Novel avatar bodies are ones that are not controlled in a one-to-one relationship between the user’s body and the avatar body, for example, when the avatar’s arms are controlled by the user’s legs, or, when the avatar has a third arm. People have been shown to complete tasks more successfully when controlling novel avatar bodies than when controlling avatars that conform to the normal human configurations, when those novel avatars are better suited to the task (Won, Bailenson, Lee, & Lanier, 2015). However, the novel avatars in such studies tend to follow two conventions. First, the novel avatars still resemble biological forms, and second, the novel extensions of the avatar are connected to the avatar body. In the following study, participants operated bodies with three arms. We examined the interaction between biological appearance of the third arm and whether it was attached to the body. There was a significant effect of biological appearance on performance, such that participants inhabiting an avatar with a biological appearance did worse overall. There was also an interaction with biological appearance and an extension that appeared detached from the participant’s body such that participants in this condition performed most poorly overall. We propose a relationship between self-reported presence and task success, and discuss the implications of these findings for the design, implementation, and use of novel avatars.

scholarly journals Preparation and Synthetic Applicability of Novel Imidazole-Containing Cyclic Iodonium Salts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonkin Nikita ◽  
Yulia Vlasenko ◽  
Akira Yoshimura ◽  
Vladimir Smirnov ◽  
Tatyana Borodina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Oxidative Cyclization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Characteristic Surface ◽  
Iodonium Salts ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Oxidative System

<p>The novel approach to the preparation of imidazole-substituted cyclic iodonium salts has been developed via oxidative cyclization of 1-phenyl-5-iodoimidazole using cheap and available Oxone<sup>®</sup>/H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> oxidative system. The structure of newly prepared compounds has been proved by X-ray monocrystal diffractometry revealing the characteristic surface features for cyclic iodonium salts. The prepared compounds demonstrated the high reactivity in the heterocyclization reactions with elemental sulfur affording benzo[5,1-<i>b</i>]imidazothiazoles with good yields.</p>

scholarly journals Rat anterior cingulate cortex recalls features of remote reward locations after disfavoured reinforcements

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mashhoori ◽  
Saeedeh Hashemnia ◽  
Bruce L McNaughton ◽  
David R Euston ◽  
Aaron J Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Current State ◽  
Multimodal Information ◽  
And Task

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes information supporting mnemonic and cognitive processes. We show here that a rat’s position can be decoded with high spatiotemporal resolution from ACC activity. ACC neurons encoded the current state of the animal and task, except for brief excursions that sometimes occurred at target feeders. During excursions, the decoded position became more similar to a remote target feeder than the rat’s physical position. Excursions recruited activation of neurons encoding choice and reward, and the likelihood of excursions at a feeder was inversely correlated with feeder preference. These data suggest that the excursion phenomenon was related to evaluating real or fictive choice outcomes, particularly after disfavoured reinforcements. We propose that the multiplexing of position with choice-related information forms a mental model isomorphic with the task space, which can be mentally navigated via excursions to recall multimodal information about the utility of remote locations.

scholarly journals Where we are in fighting against COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1483-1486
Author(s):  
Xuebin Wei ◽  
Mingshu Wang ◽  
Menno-Jan Kraak
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Color Blind ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a pandemic. Despite an increasing number of international attempts using maps to present and communicate COVID-19-related information in different organizations, most map products have only used the presentation function of maps. Against this backdrop, we offer an automatically daily-updated, color-blind-friendly, Tableau-based interactive dashboard to demonstrate where and how different countries are fighting against COVID-19. The dashboard allows users to specify countries they want to compare and aggregate relevant data on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis.

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