Cognitive science: A new research program for musicology

Interface ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Uwe Seifert
Author(s):  
Dong Jung Kim

Abstract In contrast to growing public attention to geoeconomics as the new mode of conducting great power competition, the IR discipline has not actively engaged in conceptual and theoretical analysis from the geoeconomic viewpoint. This article examines issues that geoeconomics needs to solve to become a new theoretical framework in the positivist “American” IR scholarship that dominates research on great power competition. On the one hand, the concept of geoeconomics needs to be redefined and account for a phenomenon that is not already covered in extant IR scholarship. Thus, geoeconomics should be considered as a form of grand strategy and defined as the use of economic instruments to advance mid- to long-term strategic interests in a geographical region of the world. On the other hand, geoeconomics in positivist IR should take into account international economic structure and domestic politics in developing a parsimonious explanation for the conditions to employ geoeconomic grand strategy. In this process, the theorist needs to make an analytical choice to concentrate on certain factors and mechanisms to assure theoretical parsimony. This article concludes that addressing the issues of conceptual clarity and parsimonious theorization would potentially allow geoeconomics to become a new research program in positivist IR.


1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Henk Flap

A recent theoretical development within the social sciences has been the emergence of the social capital research program. This is a program on relational resources, their creation, use. and effects. It took shape first within sociology and anthropology, nowadays it is also growing in popularity within political sciences and economics.


2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Evans ◽  
Stephen C. Levinson

AbstractTalk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the universal characteristics of language are, once we honestly confront the diversity offered to us by the world's 6,000 to 8,000 languages. After surveying the various uses of “universal,” we illustrate the ways languages vary radically in sound, meaning, and syntactic organization, and then we examine in more detail the core grammatical machinery of recursion, constituency, and grammatical relations. Although there are significant recurrent patterns in organization, these are better explained as stable engineering solutions satisfying multiple design constraints, reflecting both cultural-historical factors and the constraints of human cognition.Linguistic diversity then becomes the crucial datum for cognitive science: we are the only species with a communication system that is fundamentally variable at all levels. Recognizing the true extent of structural diversity in human language opens up exciting new research directions for cognitive scientists, offering thousands of different natural experiments given by different languages, with new opportunities for dialogue with biological paradigms concerned with change and diversity, and confronting us with the extraordinary plasticity of the highest human skills.


1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald De Sousa

For those of us who are sympathetic to the research program of cognitive science, it is especially useful to face the deepest and sharpest critic of that program. Charles Taylor, who defines himself as a ‘hedgehog’ (1) whose ‘single rather tightly related agenda’ fits into a very ancient and rather elusive debate between naturalism and anti-naturalism, may well be that critic. My ambition in this paper is to distill Taylor’s central objection to the cognitive science approach to agency and the self as it is expressed throughout Human Agency and Language. After trying to set out the core of this objection, I want to remark on some rather curious aspects of the dispute of which it is a part, and then sketch, in relation to one or two examples, what I take to be the most promising line of resistance to Taylor’s attack. I conclude with a proposal as to how Taylor may – narrowly – escape one logical consequence of his position, according to which he should stop knocking the cognitive science program and instead go to work building a robot.


2007 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence W. Tilley

Author(s):  
Francisco Alencar de Sousa ◽  
Vivaldo Medeiros Santos ◽  
Amanda Juliane da Silva Branco ◽  
Carmen Regina de Souza Franco ◽  
Luciana Takahashi Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
...  

O presente artigo é uma tentativa de reflexão sobre a relevância da radiologia no processo de transformação nos estudos das ciências cognitivas, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Desta forma, procurou-se explorar os procedimentos produzidos pela tecnologia de mapeamento do cérebro, como sendo fator fundamental no entendimento de como são as funções cerebrais e como o cérebro aprende. Para esta reflexão, o objetivo é trazer os processos de desenvolvimento técnico e teórico de equipamentos da radiologia que foram capazes de contribuir para os estudos das ciências cognitivas. Partiu-se da hipótese de que só a partir do desenvolvimento da área de radiologia que foi possível o avanço nos estudos das funções do cérebro. Espera-se que tais reflexões abram caminhos para novas pesquisas que pretendem explicar aptidões mentais como a linguagem, a memória e análises mais profundas, para descrever como os processos neuropsicológicos produzem o estado cognitivo.Descritores: Radiologia, Ciência Cognitiva, Tecnologia, Cérebro. Radiology and Cognitive Science: technological Advances and neuroscienceAbstract: The present article is an attempt to reflect on the relevance of radiology in the process of transformation in the studies of cognitive sciences, from the second half of the XIX century. In this way, we tried to explore the procedures produced by brain mapping technology, as a fundamental factor in understanding how brain functions are and how the brain learns. For this reflection, the objective is to bring the processes of technical and theoretical development of radiology equipment that were able to contribute to the studies of the cognitive sciences. It was hypothesized that only from the development of the radiology area that it was possible to advance in the studies of brain functions. It is hoped that such reflections will open the way to new research that seeks to explain mental abilities such as language, memory and deeper analysis to describe how neuropsychological processes produce cognitive status.Descriptors: Radiology, Cognitive Science, Technology, Brain. Radiología y ciencia cognitiva: avances tecnológicos y neurocienciaResumen: El presente artículo es un intento de reflexión sobre la relevancia de la radiología en el proceso de transformación en los estudios de las ciencias cognitivas, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. De esta forma, se buscó explorar los procedimientos producidos por la tecnología de mapeo del cerebro, como siendo factor fundamental en el entendimiento de cómo son las funciones cerebrales y cómo el cerebro aprende. Para esta reflexión, el objetivo es traer los procesos de desarrollo técnico y teórico de equipos de radiología que fueron capaces de contribuir a los estudios de las ciencias cognitivas. Se partió de la hipótesis de que sólo a partir del desarrollo del área de radiología que fue posible el avance en los estudios de las funciones del cerebro. Se espera que tales reflexiones abran caminos para nuevas investigaciones que pretenden explicar aptitudes mentales como el lenguaje, la memoria y análisis más profundos, para describir cómo los procesos neuropsicológicos producen el estado cognitivo.Descriptores: Radiología, Ciencia Cognitiva, Tecnología, Cerebro.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob McCulloch

To demonstrate the value of research and its implementation, the Governor’s Office requested an annual financial analysis of the INDOT Research Program to determine the return on the research investment (ROI). The current financial analysis is for research projects that completed in FY 2020. Analyses on previous year’s projects is necessary primarily due to the time it takes some project outcomes to be implemented, extending into the following year. Therefore, the FY 2020 analysis is completed in calendar 2021. The ROI analysis will supplement the annual IMPACT report by adding a more rigorous quantitative benefit cost analysis (BCA) to the Research Program. Previous financial analyses used the approach of calculating net present values of cash flows to determine a benefit cost ratio and this report uses the same approach. Additionally, an overall program rate of return (ROI) is reported and will be accumulated over time into a rolling 5-year average. While the quantitative benefit cost analysis (BCA) was rigorous, results are limited to projects where benefits and costs could be quantified, where data is available to perform a quantitative analysis. Qualitative benefits are highlighted in the companion annual IMPACT report (https://www.in.gov/indot/files/Research-Program-Impact-Report.pdf ). In 2018, INDOT unveiled its new Strategic Plan. The Strategic Plan guides the priority research needs of the Research Program and in turn the research results support accomplishing the INDOT Strategic Plan, Strategic Objectives. A new Strategic Objective has been added to the INDOT Strategic Plan addressing Innovation & Technology. Additionally, INDOT created a new Office of Innovation. While the Research Program supports all of INDOT’s Strategic Objectives, these new initiatives have further highlighted the importance of research and its role in achieving the Strategic Objectives outlined in the new INDOT Strategic Plan. There has been more emphasis of new research needs related to new technology changes and transformational technologies. This will help position INDOT for future growth, adoption of new technologies and partnering opportunities. These new research projects will provide large qualitative ROI, however are difficult to quantify due to their complexity and newness.


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