Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Tharaka Lagath Dassanayake ◽  
Chandana Hewawasam ◽  
Anuradha Baminiwatta ◽  
Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Test Digit

scholarly journals Effects of masticatory exercise on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Tae-Hoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Digit Span Test ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Test Digit

BACKGROUND: Mastication improves cognitive function by activating cerebral cortical activity, and it is important to demonstrate the cognitive effects of masticatory training using a variety of different interventions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of masticatory exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults living in the community. METHODS: For six weeks, twelve participants performed a masticatory exercise using a NOSICK exerciser device, and thirteen subjects performed daily life without masticatory exercises. Trail Making Test, Digit Span Test, and Stroop test were used to measure the cognitive function. RESULTS: The participants in the experimental group showed significant improvements in TMT-A/B (p= 0.001 and 0.004), DST-forward (p= 0.001), and ST-word (p= 0.001). The effect sizes after the intervention were calculated as (1.2 and 0.8) for TMT-A/B, (0.8 and 0.2) for Digit Span Test forward/backward, and (0.6 and 0.2) for Stroop test color/word. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the masticatory exercises improve cognitive function in healthy older adults. Therefore, masticatory exercises can be used as a therapeutic exercise during cognitive rehabilitation.

scholarly journals The Effects of Acute Stress on Memory, Attention and Cognition in Healthy Human Volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Md Monir Hossain ◽  
Shahnaz Naznin ◽  
Dolly Sen ◽  
Mahnaz Hossain Fariba
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Logical Memory ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Test Digit ◽  
Trail Making

The study was designed to investigate the effects of an acute naturalistic stressor, namely, examination of stress on memory, attention and cognition in healthy human volunteers. Fifty-three students participated in this study. All the volunteers were assessed for their neuropsychological states, which are memory, attention and cognition, during non-examination and examination period. The neuropsychological tests used in this study were- logical memory test, digit span test, letter cancellation test, trail making test and Stroop test. It was revealed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the score of logical memory II, backward and total score of digit span, time taken to complete letter cancellation test and score in part C of Stroop test in the exam period. The present study thus demonstrated that acute naturalistic stress improves attention while impairs delayed memory retrieval and cognition.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20(1): 14-19, 2017

scholarly journals Συσχέτιση των διαταραχών ακουστικής επεξεργασίας με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης σε ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Νικόλαος Μοσχόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making

Υπάρχουν πολυάριθμες μελέτες για τα ελλείμματα αισθητηριακής επεξεργασίας στη σχιζοφρένεια, ιδιαίτερα ακουστικής επεξεργασίας. Η πρόσφατη ευρωπαϊκή επικρατούσα άποψη όρισε τη Διαταραχή Ακουστικής Επεξεργασίας (ΔΑΕ) ως ένα συγκεκριμένο έλλειμμα στην επεξεργασία της ακουστικής πληροφορίας στο κεντρικό νευρικό σύστημα, που περιλαμβάνει «από κάτω προς τα πάνω» και «από πάνω προς τα κάτω» νευρική συνδεσιμότητα. Οι περισσότερες μελέτες έδειξαν πως οι ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια παρουσιάζουν ακουστικά ελλείμματα. Μόνο δύο μελέτες όμως εκτίμησαν την παρουσία ΔΑΕ με ολοκληρωμένη συστοιχία ψυχοακουστικών δοκιμασιών, δείχνοντας πως η επίδοση των ασθενών στις διαφορετικές δοκιμασίες ήταν ετερογενής. Υπάρχουν επίσης δημοσιεύσεις διχωτικής ακοής, αντίληψης ομιλίας και χρονικής επεξεργασίας. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, οι ασθενείς είχαν χειρότερη επίδοση από αυτή των υγιών. Επίσης, σημαντικές συσχετίσεις αποκαλύφθηκαν μεταξύ κλινικών συμπτωμάτων και ακουστικής επεξεργασίας. Η σχέση των ακουστικών ελλειμμάτων με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης δεν έχει διερευνηθεί στο παρελθόν. Η υπόθεση ότι τα ελλείμματα ακουστικής επεξεργασίας μπορεί να σχετίζονται με τη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης στη σχιζοφρένεια στηρίζεται από νευροαπεικονιστικές μελέτες και μελέτες λειτουργικής απεικόνισης. Ακόμα, παρότι η ακουστική επεξεργασία και οι γνωστικές λειτουργίες είναι δυο σχετιζόμενα και αλληλεπικαλυπτόμενα πεδία, δεν υπάρχουν δημοσιευμένες μελέτες που να διερευνούν αυτή τη συσχέτιση. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, 50 ασθενείς με σχιζοφρένεια και 25 υγιείς μάρτυρες ολοκλήρωσαν μια συστοιχία τριών δοκιμασιών ακουστικής επεξεργασίας (Dichotic Digits, Speech-in-Babble και Gaps-In-Noise) και μια συστοιχία τεσσάρων νευροψυχολογικών δοκιμασιών (Verbal Fluency, Digit Span, Stroop test, Trail-Making Test). Η Κλίμακα Θετικού και Αρνητικού Συνδρόμου (PANSS) και η κλίμακα Σκέψης, Γλώσσας και Επικοινωνίας (TLC) χορηγήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση των κλινικών συμπτωμάτων. Η ομάδα των ασθενών χωρίστηκε σε δύο υποομάδες, ανάλογα με τη βαρύτητα της διαταραχής στη ροή της σκέψης. Εκτιμήθηκε η επίδοση στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες όλων των ομάδων και υποομάδων. Διερευνήθηκε η ύπαρξη συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών (βαθμολογίες TLC, βαθμολογίες PANSS, επιδόσεις στις νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες) και των εξαρτημένων μεταβλητών (επιδόσεις στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες). Οι περισσότεροι ασθενείς, ιδίως αυτοί με διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, είχαν ακουστικά ελλείμματα που μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν ως ΔΑΕ. Οι ασθενείς παρουσίασαν χειρότερη επίδοση από τους υγιείς και οι ασθενείς με σημαντική διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης παρουσίασαν χειρότερη επίδοση από αυτούς χωρίς σημαντική διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, σε όλες τις δοκιμασίες. Η συνολική βαρύτητα της διαταραχής στη ροή της σκέψης και παράγοντες αυτής, άλλα κλινικά συμπτώματα και κατηγορίες συμπτωμάτων, όπως και η νευρογνωσιακή έκπτωση συσχετίστηκαν με την επίδοση στις ψυχοακουστικές δοκιμασίες. Η παρουσία της ΔΑΕ επιβεβαιώθηκε για πρώτη φορά στη σχιζοφρένεια. Η παρούσα είναι η πρώτη μελέτη ακουστικής επεξεργασίας στη σχιζοφρένεια που έδωσε έμφαση στη διαταραχή στη ροή της σκέψης, ενώ η νευρογνωσιακή έκπτωση συσχετίστηκε ξεκάθαρα με τα ακουστικά ελλείμματα των ασθενών. Προκύπτει η ανάγκη περαιτέρω έρευνας στο πεδίο, για να αναπτυχθούν οι διαθέσιμες θεραπευτικές επιλογές για τους ασθενείς με ψύχωση. Υπάρχουν σημαντικές κλινικές προεκτάσεις για μη φαρμακευτικές παρεμβάσεις όπως η ακουστική εκπαίδευση, με σκοπό τη βελτίωση της ακουστικής επεξεργασίας, των γνωστικών λειτουργιών και της λειτουργικότητας των ασθενών με σχιζοφρένεια. Επίσης, η επίδοση στις δοκιμασίες ακουστικής επεξεργασίας θα μπορούσε να δοκιμαστεί ως προγνωστικός δείκτης της μετάβασης στην ψύχωση σε άτομα υψηλού κλινικού ρίσκου.

scholarly journals A multi-component, adaptive Working Memory Assessment Battery (WoMAB): validation and norms in an Italian population sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Pasotti ◽  
Giulia De Luca ◽  
Edoardo Nicolò Aiello ◽  
Chiara Gramegna ◽  
Marco Di Gangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Assessment Battery ◽  
Memory Assessment ◽  
Test Digit ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Background Working memory (WM) abilities are frequently impaired in neurological disorders affecting fronto-parietal cortical/sub-cortical structures. WM deficits negatively influence interventional outcomes and everyday functioning. This study thus aimed at the following: (a) developing and standardizing an ecologically valid task for WM assessment ( Ice Cream Test, ICT); (b) validating and norming a novel WM test (Digit Ordering Test, DOT), as well as providing updated norms for digit span (DS) tasks, in an Italian population sample; (c) introducing a novel scoring procedure for measuring WM. Methods One-hundred and sixty-eight Italian healthy participants—73 male, 95 females; age: 48.4 ± 19.1 (18–86); education: 12.1 ± 4.8 (4–21)—underwent a thorough WM assessment—DOT, ICT, and both forward and backward DS tasks (FDS, BDS). The ICT requires participants to act as waiters who have to keep track of customers’ orders. For each task, WM and total (T) outcomes were computed, i.e., the number of elements in the longest sequence and that of recalled sequences, respectively. Norms were derived via the equivalent score (ES) method. Results DS ratios (DSRs) were computed for both WM/S and T outcomes on raw DS measures (BDS divided by FDS). Age and education significantly predicted all WM tasks; sex affected FDS and DSR-T scores (males > females). WM measures were highly internally related. Discussion The present work provides Italian practitioners with a normatively updated, multi-component, adaptive battery for WM assessment (WoMAB) as well as with novel outcomes which capture different WM facets—WM capacity and attentive monitoring abilities.

Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moritz ◽  
B. Andresen ◽  
D. Jacobsen ◽  
K. Mersmann ◽  
U. Wilke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Atypical Neuroleptics ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Typical Neuroleptics

SummaryThere is widespread evidence that schizophrenic symptomatology is best represented by three syndromes (positive, negative, disorganized). Both the disorganized and negative syndrome have been found to correlate with several neurocognitive dysfunctions. However, previous studies investigated samples predominantly treated with typical neuroleptics, which frequently induce parkinsonian symptoms that are hard to disentangle from primary negative symptoms and may have inflated correlations with neurocognition. A newly developed psychopathological instrument called the Positive and Negative and Disorganized Symptoms Scale (PANADSS) was evaluated in 60 schizophrenic patients. Forty-seven participants treated with atypical neuroleptics performed several neurocognitive tasks.A three-factor solution of schizophrenic symptomatology emerged. Negative symptomatology was associated with diminished creative verbal fluency and digit span backward, whereas disorganization was significantly correlated with impaired Stroop, WCST and Trail-Making Test B performance.Data suggest that disorganization is associated with tasks that demand executive functioning. Previous findings reporting correlations between negative symptomatology and neurocognition may have been confounded by the adverse consequences of typical neuroleptics.

scholarly journals Serial Tap Test of Patients With Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - Impact on Cognitive Function and Its Meaning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samanta Fabricio Blattes da Rocha ◽  
Pedro Andre Kowacs ◽  
Ricardo Krause Martinez de Souza ◽  
Matheus Kahakura Franco Pedro ◽  
Ricardo Ramina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Tap Test ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting

Abstract BackgroundIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is characterized by gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and cognitive decline. Symptoms are potentially reversible and treatment is based on cerebrospinal fluid shunting. The tap test (TT) is used to identify patients that will benefit from surgery. This procedure consists on the withdrawal of 20 to 50 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a lumbar puncture (LP) after which the symptoms of the triad are tested. Improvement in the quality and speed of gait are already recognized but cognitive improvement depends on several factors such as tests used, time elapsed after LP for re-testing, and number of punctures. Serial punctures may trigger similar conditions as external lumbar drainage (ELD) to the organism. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify how serial punctures affect cognition in order to increase the sensitivity of the test and consequently the accuracy of surgical indication. MethodsSixty-one patients with INPH underwent baseline memory and executive tests repeatedly following the 2-Step Tap Test protocol (2-STT – two procedures of 30 mL lumbar CSF drainage separated by a 24-hour interval). The baseline scores of INPH patients were compared with those of 55 healthy controls, and with intragroup post-puncture scores of the 2-STT. ResultsThe group with INPH had lower performance than the control group in all cognitive tests (RAVLT, Stroop, CFT, FAR-COWA, FAB, MMSE, orientation, mental control), except for the forward digit span test (p = 0.707). After conducting LP procedures, the Stroop test (words, colors and errors), RAVLT (stage A1, A6 and B1), and CFT (immediate and delayed R) scores were equal to those of the control group (p > 0.05). The INPH group presented significant improvement after the first puncture in MMSE (p = 0.031) and in the Stroop Test (points) (p < 0.001). After the second puncture, subjects improved in orientation, MMSE, RAVLT (B1), Stroop (points, words, errors) and CFT (IR). ConclusionProgressive cognitive improvement occurred over the 2-STT and changes were more significant after the second LP in all cognitive domains except for RAVLT (A7). Encephalic alert system ‘arousal’ seems to participate in early improvements observed during 2-STT. The second LP increased the sensitivity of the drainage test to detect changes in cognitive variables, and consequently improved the quality of the method.

scholarly journals A-196 BVRT Copy and Memory Trial Omission Errors Are Associated With Working Memory and Auditory Comprehension Deficits

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-991
Author(s):  
Vickery A ◽  
Moses J ◽  
Boese A ◽  
Maciel R ◽  
Lyu J
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Auditory Comprehension ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Benton Visual Retention Test ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Omission Errors

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to examine the cognitive factors that account for omission errors on the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) copy and memory trials using factorial indices based on raw subtest scores of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and the Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE). Method Participants were referred for assessment at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. One hundred and forty-three participants were sampled. BVRT omission error scores for the copy and memory trials were factor analyzed with age, education level, WAIS-III Digit Span Forward (DSpF), and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS). These variables were refactored with the spoken language components of the MAE (naming, repetition, verbal fluency, and auditory comprehension). Results BVRT copy and memory omission scores were factorially grouped with age and inversely correlated with LNS. A second factor was composed of positive loadings on DSpF, LNS, and education. The BVRT Copy-and-Memory-Omissions-Age-LNS component was inversely and specifically related to the MAE measure of auditory comprehension. The Digit Span Forward-LNS-Education variable loaded strongly on the MAE Repetition component and secondarily on the MAE Verbal Fluency and Naming components. Conclusions BVRT copy and memory trial omission errors are strongly and specifically related to failure of auditory comprehension. Errors of this type are not related to the other three components of spoken language.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S205-S205
Author(s):  
Bada Kang ◽  
Hanzhang Xu ◽  
Eleanor S McConnell ◽  
Bei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
World Health ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Function

Abstract Although subjective cognitive decline is considered as a potential symptomatic indicator of cognitive decline, little is known regarding the relationships in older adults in China. Using the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 data, we examined the association between subjective cognitive function, perceived memory decline, and objective cognitive function among adults aged 50 or older (N=13,367) in China. Objective cognitive function was measured by immediate and delayed recall test, digit span test, and verbal fluency test. Multivariate linear regression models were used to account for sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health-related factors. We found worse subjective cognitive function was associated with poorer working memory and verbal fluency. Greater perceived memory decline was also associated with poorer working memory but not with verbal fluency. Psychosocial factors including social cohesion and social support attenuated the relationships between subjective cognitive function, perceived memory decline, and objective cognitive performance.

Neuropsychological Correlates of Greek Alcoholic Patients Who Report Memory Disturbances

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Ioannis Liappas ◽  
Ioulia Theotoka ◽  
Elisabeth Kapaki ◽  
Ioannis Ilias ◽  
George P. Paraskevas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Verbal Fluency Test ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Test Category ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Fluency Test

We studied 40 male and 37 female ( M age = 63 yr.) Greek alcoholic patients and an equal number of control subjects. Both groups were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Syndrome Short Test, the Verbal Fluency Test (Category & Letter), the Clock Test, and the Digit Span (Forward and Backward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised). Alcoholic patients had statistically significant lower scores on MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Span, and higher scores on the Syndrome Short Test, while positive correlations were found among MMSE, Verbal Fluency Test, Clock Test, Digit Span-Backward, and age. These findings point to frontal lobe dysfunction in Greek alcoholic patients which is not different from that shown in patients from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive performance and mental health of retired female football players compared to non-contact sport athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000952
Author(s):  
Annika Prien ◽  
Nina Feddermann-Demont ◽  
Evert Verhagen ◽  
Jos Twisk ◽  
Astrid Junge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Contact Sport ◽  
History Of

BackgroundAdverse long-term effects of playing football due to repetitive head impact exposure on neurocognition and mental health are controversial. To date, no studies have evaluated such effects in women.AimsTo (1) compare neurocognitive performance, cognitive symptoms and mental health in retired elite female football players (FB) with retired elite female non-contact sport athletes (CON), and to (2) assess whether findings are related to history of concussion and/or heading exposure in FB.MethodsNeurocognitive performance, mental health and cognitive symptoms were assessed using computerised tests (CNS-vital signs), paper pen tests (Category fluency, Trail-Making Test, Digit Span, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test), questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SF-36v2 Health Survey) and a symptom checklist. Heading exposure and concussion history were self-reported in an online survey and in a clinical interview, respectively. Linear regression was used to analyse the effect of football, concussion and heading exposure on outcomes adjusted for confounders.ResultsFB (n=66) performed similar to CON (n=45) on neurocognitive tests, except for significantly lower scores on verbal memory (mean difference (MD)=−7.038, 95% CI −12.98 to –0.08, p=0.038) and verbal fluency tests (MD=−7.534, 95% CI –13.75 to –0.46, p=0.016). Among FB weaker verbal fluency performance was significantly associated with ≥2 concussions (MD=−10.36, 95% CI –18.48 to –2.83, p=0.017), and weaker verbal memory performance with frequent heading (MD=−9.166, 95% CI –17.59 to –0.123, p=0.041). The depression score differed significantly between study populations, and was significantly associated with frequent heading but not with history of concussion in FB.ConclusionFurther studies should investigate the clinical relevance of our findings and whether the observed associations point to a causal link between repetitive head impacts and verbal memory/fluency or mental health.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document