Effects of masticatory exercise on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults

BACKGROUND: Mastication improves cognitive function by activating cerebral cortical activity, and it is important to demonstrate the cognitive effects of masticatory training using a variety of different interventions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of masticatory exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults living in the community. METHODS: For six weeks, twelve participants performed a masticatory exercise using a NOSICK exerciser device, and thirteen subjects performed daily life without masticatory exercises. Trail Making Test, Digit Span Test, and Stroop test were used to measure the cognitive function. RESULTS: The participants in the experimental group showed significant improvements in TMT-A/B (p= 0.001 and 0.004), DST-forward (p= 0.001), and ST-word (p= 0.001). The effect sizes after the intervention were calculated as (1.2 and 0.8) for TMT-A/B, (0.8 and 0.2) for Digit Span Test forward/backward, and (0.6 and 0.2) for Stroop test color/word. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the masticatory exercises improve cognitive function in healthy older adults. Therefore, masticatory exercises can be used as a therapeutic exercise during cognitive rehabilitation.

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Indian older adults and the digit span A preliminary report

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-010013 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 111-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ravikesh Tripathi ◽

Keshav Kumar ◽

Srikala Bharath ◽

Marimuthu P ◽

Vikram Singh Rawat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Digit Span ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Future Research ◽

Low Literacy ◽

Digit Span Test ◽

Span Test ◽

Low Education

ABSTRACT. The digit span test is widely used to assess attention and working memory. It is a portable, relatively culture-free and frequently used test. However, the cultural validity of this test, particularly in the Indian older population, is not well established. Objective: This study explores the usefulness of the digit span test for Indian older adults with different levels of education. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-eight community-dwelling healthy normal older adults formed the sample of this study. All study participants were screened using a semi-structured interview schedule, the modified MINI Screen, the Indian version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, a measure of activities of daily living and the digit span test administered verbally. Results: The results indicated that participants with higher educational level performed significantly better than low-educated participants on the digit span test. Participants with low education often struggled with the digit span test and resorted to guessing the digits. Conclusion: Our study clearly demonstrates that the digit span test can be useful for educated participants. However, its usefulness and ecological validity is questionable for those with low education and low literacy, warranting future research.

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Free-Weight Resistance Exercise Is More Effective in Enhancing Inhibitory Control than Machine-Based Training: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10100702 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 702 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jan Wilke ◽

Vanessa Stricker ◽

Susanne Usedly

Keyword(s):

Digit Span ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Stroop Test ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Word Condition ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Digit Span Test ◽

Span Test ◽

Free Weight ◽

Trail Making

Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.

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P2-608: SALIVARY CORTISOL AND 5Y CHANGE IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN COMMUNITY DWELLING, COGNITIVELY HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS: THE PSYCOLAUS COHORT STUDY

Alzheimer s & Dementia ◽

10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1304 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (7S_Part_18) ◽

pp. P972-P972 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emiliano Albanese ◽

Martin Preisig ◽

Enrique Castelao ◽

Sami Ouanes ◽

Julius Popp

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Healthy Older Adults

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Measuring Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Older Adults

Journal of Aging Research ◽

10.1155/2017/8514582 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammed K. Shakeel ◽

Vina M. Goghari

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Fluid Intelligence ◽

Digit Span ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cognitive Measures ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Subjective Perceptions ◽

Flexibility Design ◽

Design Fluency

The present study evaluated subjective and objective cognitive measures as predictors of fluid intelligence in healthy older adults. We hypothesized that objective cognitive measures would predict fluid intelligence to a greater degree than self-reported cognitive functioning. Ninety-three healthy older (>65 years old) community-dwelling adults participated. Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) were used to measure fluid intelligence, Digit Span Sequencing (DSS) was used to measure working memory, Trail Making Test (TMT) was used to measure cognitive flexibility, Design Fluency Test (DFT) was used to measure creativity, and Tower Test (TT) was used to measure planning. The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) was used to measure subjective perceptions of cognitive functioning. RAPM was correlated with DSS, TT, and DFT. When CFQ was the only predictor, the regression model predicting fluid intelligence was not significant. When DSS, TMT, DFT, and TT were included in the model, there was a significant change in the model and the final model was also significant, with DFT as the only significant predictor. The model accounted for approximately 20% of the variability in fluid intelligence. Our findings suggest that the most reliable means of assessing fluid intelligence is to assess it directly.

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Hubungan Asupan Energi Sarapan terhadap Tingkat Konsentrasi pada Siswa-Siswi Kelas XII SMA Negeri 1 Padang Tahun Ajaran 2013/2014

Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas ◽

10.25077/jka.v3i3.156 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kurnia Maidarmi Handayani ◽

Masrul Masrul ◽

Adrial Adrial

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Digit Span ◽

The United States ◽

Digit Symbol ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Digit Span Test ◽

Span Test ◽

Test Digit

AbstrakIndonesia menduduki peringkat terakhir dalam cognitive skills dan pencapaian pendidikan menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Economist Intelligence Unit. Cognitive skills memerlukan fungsi otak yang adekuat yang dipertahankan oleh nutrisi berupa konsumsi pangan yang baik dan beragam, terutama sarapan. Penelitian di Amerika Serikat pada anak usia sekolah remaja (15-18 tahun) menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 30% remaja tidak biasa sarapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi sarapan dan tingkat konsentrasi pada siswa SMAN 1 Padang. Studi dilakukan di SMAN 1 Padang pada bulan November 2013 terhadap 116 siswa kelas XII. Desain penelitian bersifat analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan uji chi-square menggunakan sistem komputerisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan tingkat konsentrasi menggunakan digit symbol test antara siswa dengan asupan energi sarapan baik, kurang, dan sangat kurang (p=0,001) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat konsentrasi menggunakan digit span test antara siswa dengan asupan energi sarapan baik, kurang, dan sangat kurang (p=0,345). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan energi sarapan dengan tingkat konsentrasi menggunakan digit symbol test (p<0,05).Kata kunci: sarapan, asupan energi, konsentrasi, digit symbol test, digit span testAbstractIndonesia was ranked last in the cognitive skills and educational attainment according to research conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit.Cognitive skills require brain function is maintained by adequate intake of nutrients such as good and varied food, especially breakfast. Research in the United States in children of school age youth (15-18 years) showed that 30% of teenagers are not usually did breakfast.This study aimed to determine the relationship between energy intake at breakfast and the level of concentration of students of SMAN 1 Padang. The study was conducted at SMAN 1 Padang in November 2013 to 116 students of class XII. The research was an analytical study with cross-sectional design.Data processing is performed by the chi-square test using a computerized system. The results showed there were differences in the level of concentration using the digit symbol test between students with a good breakfast energy intake,less,and much less (p = 0.001) and there was no difference in the level of concentration using the digit span test between students with a good breakfast energy intake, less, and very less (p = 0.345). There is a significant relationship between breakfast energy intake with the level of concentration using digit symbol test (p < 0.05).Keywords: breakfast, energy intake, concentration, digit symbol test, digit span test

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The effects of six months Persicaria minor extract supplement among older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12906-020-03092-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huijin Lau ◽

Suzana Shahar ◽

Mazlyfarina Mohamad ◽

Nor Fadilah Rajab ◽

Hanis Mastura Yahya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Digit Span ◽

Brain Activation ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blinded ◽

Persicaria Minor

Abstract Background Persicaria minor extract exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has potential effects on cognitive function and mood. However, the effects of P.minor on brain activation and biomarkers have not been studied among older adults. This multicentre, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 months P.minor extract supplement (Biokesum®) on cognition, mood, biomarkers, and brain activation among older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Method A total of 36 Malaysian community-dwelling older adults with MCI (60–75-year-old) were randomized into Biokesum® (n = 18) and placebo group (n = 18). Each subject consumed one capsule of Biokesum® (250 mg/capsule) or placebo (maltodextrin, 280 mg/capsule) twice daily for 6 months. Cognitive function and mood were assessed at baseline, 3rd, and 6th-month using neuropsychological tests (MMSE, Digit Span, RAVLT, Digit Symbol, and Visual Reproduction) and Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire. Blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and biomarkers (MDA, LPO, COX-2, iNOS, and BDNF) were measured at baseline and 6th month. By the end of the intervention, there were 30 compliers (Biokesum®: N = 15; Placebo: N = 15) and 6 dropouts. For brain activation assessment, 15 subsamples (Biokesum®: N = 8; Placebo: N = 7) completed N-back and Stroop tasks during fMRI scanning at baseline and 6th month. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 9 and 46) was identified as a region of interest (ROI) for brain activation analysis using SPM software. Results Two-way mixed ANOVA analysis showed significant improvements in Visual Reproduction II (p = 0.012, partial η2 = 0.470), tension (p = 0.042, partial η2 = 0.147), anger (p = 0.010, partial η2 = 0.207), confusion (p = 0.041, partial η2 = 0.148), total negative subscales (p = 0.043, partial η2 = 0.145), BDNF (p = 0.020, partial η2 = 0.179) and triglyceride (p = 0.029, partial η2 = 0.237) following 6 months of Biokesum® supplementation. Preliminary finding also demonstrated significant improvement at 0-back task-induced right DLPFC activation (p = 0.028, partial η2 = 0.652) among subsamples in Biokesum® group. No adverse events were reported at the end of the study. Conclusion Six months Biokesum® supplementation potentially improved visual memory, negative mood, BDNF, and triglyceride levels among older adults with MCI. Significant findings on brain activation at the right DPLFC must be considered as preliminary. Trial registration Retrospectively registered on 30th August 2019 [ISRC TN12417552].

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Effects of Tai Chi and Western Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Functioning in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.18.3.261 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 261-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Ruth E. Taylor-Piliae ◽

Kathryn A. Newell ◽

Rise Cherin ◽

Martin J. Lee ◽

Abby C. King ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Physical Functioning ◽

Tai Chi ◽

Digit Span ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Upper Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Semantic Fluency

Objective:To compare the effects of Tai Chi (TC,n= 37) and Western exercise (WE,n= 39) with an attention-control group (C,n= 56) on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy adults age 69 ± 5.8 yr, in a 2-phase randomized trial.Methods:TC and WE involved combined class and home-based protocols. Physical functioning included balance, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Cognitive functioning included semantic fluency and digit-span tests. Data were analyzed using intention-to-treat analysis.Results:At 6 mo, WE had greater improvements in upper body flexibility (F= 4.67,p= .01) than TC and C. TC had greater improvements in balance (F= 3.36,p= .04) and a cognitive-function measure (F= 7.75,p< .001) than WE and C. The differential cognitive-function improvements observed in TC were maintained through 12 mo.Conclusion:The TC and WE interventions resulted in differential improvements in physical functioning among generally healthy older adults. TC led to improvement in an indicator of cognitive functioning that was maintained through 12 mo.

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Subclinical Depression Moderates the Effect of Sleep Quality on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e525202013-008 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

C. Sutter ◽

J. Zollig ◽

M. Allemand ◽

M. Martin

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Subclinical Depression

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Do Communication Patterns Affect the Association between Cognitive Impairment and Hearing Loss among Older Adults in Vietnam?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1603

Author(s):

Tran Dai Tri Han ◽

Keiko Nakamura ◽

Kaoruko Seino ◽

Vo Nu Hong Duc ◽

Thang Van Vo

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Communication Devices ◽

Community Dwelling Older Adults

This study examined the prevalence of cognitive impairment among older adults in central Vietnam and the roles of communication (with or without communication devices) in the association between cognitive impairment and hearing loss. This cross-sectional study was performed on 725 randomly selected community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years from Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Participants attended a face-to-face survey. Sociodemographic characteristics, social interaction with or without communication devices, health status and cognitive function using the Mini-Mental State Examination were reported. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to quantify the association between hearing loss and cognitive function by frequency of communication with and without devices. Mild and severe cognitive impairment had prevalence rates of 23.6% and 19.3%, respectively. Cognitive impairment was more prevalent among older adults with hearing-loss, vision loss and difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The association between hearing loss and cognitive impairment was not significant when older adults had frequent communication with others using devices. This study presented the relatively high prevalence of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults in Vietnam. Frequent communication using devices attenuated the association between hearing loss and cognitive impairment.

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Accelerated Epigenetic Age in Normal Cognitive Aging of Korean Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800420983896 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109980042098389

Author(s):

Jongmin Park ◽

Chang Won Won ◽

Leorey N. Saligan ◽

Youn-Jung Kim ◽

Yoonju Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Dna Methylation ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Aging ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Test Results ◽

Cohen’S D ◽

Epigenetic Age ◽

Epigenetic Age Acceleration ◽

Community Dwelling Older Adults

Background: Epigenetic age acceleration has been studied as a promising biomarker of age-related conditions, including cognitive aging. This pilot study aims to explore potential cognitive aging-related biomarkers by investigating the relationship of epigenetic age acceleration and cognitive function and by examining the epigenetic age acceleration differences between successful cognitive aging (SCA) and normal cognitive aging (NCA) among Korean community-dwelling older adults (CDOAs). Methods: We used data and blood samples of Korean CDOAs from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. The participants were classified into two groups, SCA (above the 50th percentile in all domains of cognitive function) and NCA. The genome-wide DNA methylation profiling array using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip was used to calculate the following: the DNA methylation age, universal epigenetic age acceleration, intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA), and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA). We also used Pearson correlation analysis and independent t-tests to analyze the data. Results: Universal age acceleration correlated with the Frontal Assessment Battery test results ( r = −0.42, p = 0.025); the EEAA correlated with the Word List Recognition test results ( r = −0.41, p = 0.027). There was a significant difference between SCA and NCA groups in IEAA ( p = 0.041, Cohen’s d = 0.82) and EEAA ( p = 0.042, Cohen’s d = 0.78). Conclusions: Epigenetic age acceleration can be used as a biomarker for early detection of cognitive decline in Korean community-dwelling older adults. Large longitudinal studies are warranted.

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