Malt Liquor Marketing in Inner Cities: The Role of Neighborhood Racial Composition

Recent research has documented poor mental health among high socioeconomic status (SES) Blacks, particularly African American males. The literature has also shown a positive link between SES and perceived discrimination, suggesting that perceived discrimination may explain why high SES Black males report poor mental health. To better understand the role of contextual factors in explaining this pattern, we aimed to test whether school racial composition explains why high income Black youth perceive more discrimination. We explored these associations by ethnicity and gender. Using data from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent supplement (NSAL-A), the current study included 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth, with a mean age of 15. Ethnicity, age, gender, income-to-needs ratio (SES), skin color, school racial composition, and perceived (daily) discrimination were measured. Using Stata 15.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA), we fitted seven structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis in the pooled sample based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Considerable gender by ethnicity variations were found in the associations between SES, school racial composition, and perceived discrimination. For African American males but not African American females or Caribbean Black males or females, school racial composition fully mediated the effect of SES on perceived discrimination. The role of inter-racial contact as a mechanism for high discrimination and poor mental health of Black American adolescents may depend on their intersection of ethnicity and gender. School racial composition may be a mechanism for increased perceived discrimination among high SES African American males.

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Conceptualizing and contextualizing overtourism: the dynamics of accelerating urban tourism

International Journal of Tourism Cities ◽

10.1108/ijtc-08-2019-0117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 657-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jan Henrik Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Scientific Literature ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Urban Tourism ◽

Structural Development ◽

Evolutionary Perspective ◽

Holistic View ◽

Content Type ◽

Inner Cities ◽

Starting Point

Purpose From the background of the dramatic increase of urban tourism, framed by the concept of overtourism, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss current dynamic processes of urban tourism growth, as presented in the scientific literature. With the help of a literature review, this paper aims to discuss current definitions and conceptualizations of overtourism and discuss the driving forces for the growth of urban tourism, thereby situating overtourism in relational to general structural change. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds on a non-exhaustive review of the scientific literature about overtourism and related topics, supplemented by a review of a few central policy documents. Findings Conceptually, overtourism relates to two different, but related, perspectives. The first one concern (negative) experiences of resident population and visitors, whereas the second relates to thresholds for the carrying capacity of destinations. Most of the reviewed literature focuses on three aspects of overtourism: localized problems in inner cities, the supply of unregulated accommodation through Airbnb and Airbnbs as a driving force of gentrification. Important perspectives are missing from the literature, mainly related to the development of driving forces of urban tourism growth in time and space. This observation is the starting point for a discussion on driving forces in an evolutionary perspective with the ambition of relating the growth of urban tourism to long waves of structural development. Research limitations/implications The paper focuses on overtourism in urban contexts, rural tourism is not discussed. Practical implications In identifying the importance of driving forces for understanding the dynamics of urban tourism growth, a holistic view on managing mitigation might be possible. Originality/value The paper adds an evolutionary perspective to the discussion about overtourism and its causes. Thereby, it answers to a need to take tourism seriously in social science, as a major economic, social and ecologic force. In emphasizing the relationship between driving forces on different geographic scales and levels, power relations are highlighted. The paper discusses the role of driving forces for mitigating overtourism. An understanding of the dynamics of driving forces is essential for the development of urban sustainable tourism.

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Fear of Criminal Victimization: The Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition

Sociological Inquiry ◽

10.1111/j.1475-682x.1989.tb00101.x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 208-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Gertrude L. Moeller

Keyword(s):

Racial Composition ◽

Criminal Victimization ◽

Neighborhood Racial Composition

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Population growth and re-urbanization in Spanish inner cities: The role of internal migration and residential mobility

Revue Quetelet/Quetelet Journal ◽

10.14428/rqj2013.01.02.03 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 67-92

Author(s):

Antonio Lopez-Gay

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Residential Mobility ◽

Internal Migration ◽

Inner Cities

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COMFORT ZONES

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x0707004x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Camille Zubrinsky Charles

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Los Angeles ◽

English Language ◽

Critical Role ◽

The United States ◽

Ethnic Composition ◽

Racial Composition ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Recent Immigrants ◽

Neighborhood Racial Composition

AbstractThe remarkable increase in immigration from Asia and Latin America requires a rethinking of multiracial analyses of neighborhood racial-composition preferences. This research addresses two interrelated questions: (1) since spatial mobility is so central to social mobility, how do recent Asian and Latino/a immigrants develop ideas about the racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhoods in which they want to live; and (2) what are the implications of processes of immigrant adaptation for the likely dynamics of race and ethnic relations in increasingly diverse communities? Guided by Massey's spatial assimilation model and previous studies of neighborhood racial-composition preferences, this research underscores the critical importance of immigration and assimilation as influences on preferences for same-race, White, and Black neighbors. Data are from the 1993–1994 Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality (N = 1921). Results point to the critical role of acculturation—the accumulation of time in the United States and English-language proficiency/use, as well as racial attitudes—in understanding what motivates preferences for these diverse groups, and to the complexities of accurately modeling preferences among largely foreign-born populations. Preferences for both same-race and White neighbors vary by the length of time that immigrants have accumulated in the United States and their ability to communicate effectively in English. English-language fluency is a particularly salient predictor of preferences among recent immigrants. Consistent with prior research on preferences, racial stereotypes stand out as particularly potent predictors of preferences; however, their influence is weakest among the most recent immigrants, coming to resemble those of the native-born with increasing years of U.S. residence.

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Neighborhood Racial Composition and Perceptions of Racial Discrimination: Evidence From the Black Women's Health Study

Social Psychology Quarterly ◽

10.1177/019027250707000306 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 272-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Matthew O. Hunt ◽

Lauren A. Wise ◽

Marie-Claude Jipguep ◽

Yvette C. Cozier ◽

Lynn Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Census Data ◽

Health Study ◽

Racial Composition ◽

Ethnic Density ◽

Using Data ◽

Neighborhood Racial Composition

Little is known about the effects of social context or “place” factors (e.g., characteristics of local populations) on African Americans' perceptions and experiences of racism. Using data from 42,445 U.S. black women collected during the 1997 follow-up wave of the Black Women's Health Study, we investigated the association between neighborhood racial composition (“percent black” at the block-group level in 2000 Census data) and perceptions of racial discrimination. Perceived racial discrimination was measured using self-reports of the frequency of discrimination in “everyday” settings (e.g., being treated as if you are dishonest) and “lifetime” occurrences of discrimination on the job, in housing, and by the police. There was a linear inverse relationship between neighborhood percent black and perceived discrimination, i.e., higher percent black was associated with lower levels of discrimination. Our results support the conclusions that, relative to contexts in which blacks are a small minority, more evenly-mixed (i.e., integrated) contexts result in lower levels of discrimination (contact hypothesis), and mostly black contexts evidence the lowest levels of discrimination (ethnic density hypothesis).

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