scholarly journals Novel predator recognition by Allenby's gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi): do gerbils learn to respond to a snake that can “see” in the dark?

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonny S. Bleicher ◽  
Joel S. Brown ◽  
Keren Embar ◽  
Burt P. Kotler
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Prior History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Desert Rodents ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Crotalus Cerastes ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Resource Patches

Unlike desert rodents from North America, Allenby's gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from the Negev Desert, Israel has evolved with snakes that do not have heat-sensitive sensory pits that enhance night vision. Does this history affect their ability to assess and respond to a snake that has this ability? As a test, we exposed gerbils to risk of predation from various predators, including snakes, owls, and foxes. The snakes included the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and the sidewinder rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes). The former snake lacks sensory pits and shares a common evolutionary history with the gerbil. The latter snake, while convergent evolutionarily on the horned viper, has sensory pits and no prior history with the gerbil. The gerbils exploited depletable resource patches similarly, regardless of snake species and moon phase. While the gerbils did not respond to the novel snake as a greater threat than their familiar horned viper, the gerbils were cognizant that the novel predator was a threat. In response to both snakes, giving-up densities (GUDs; the amount of food left in a resource patch following exploitation) of the gerbils were higher in the bush than open microhabitat. In response to moonlight, GUDs were higher on full than on the new moon. Based on GUDs, the gerbils responded most to the risk of predation from the red fox, least from the two snake species, and intermediate for the barn owl.

scholarly journals Insights into the metabolism, lifestyle and putative evolutionary history of the novel archaeal phylum ‘Diapherotrites’

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noha H Youssef ◽  
Christian Rinke ◽  
Ramunas Stepanauskas ◽  
Ibrahim Farag ◽  
Tanja Woyke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals THE COLLOCATION ANALYSIS OF TWILIGHT NEW MOON NOVEL

EDULANGUE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Jimmi ◽  
Titin Suprihatin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Modulation Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Moon

Nowadays in globalization era, being able to communicate in a foreign language is of paramount importance due to its role in seeking for jobs, scholarship, etc. Translation is one of English for Specific Purpose, because is challenging and interesting job to be mastered. Because translation is not an easy work, it needs a serious attention and concentration. It can be said that the core of translation is a transfer a message without any left words missing especially the meaning. The translator shall be careful in replacing the meaning from Source Language to Target Language. In translation, some problems appear like usage of collocation in novel Twilight New Moon. The author mostly uses collocation in the novel.. The translator also translate the novel not only by method word by word, but also the translator uses modulation method and context of sentence. The use of collocation in novel makes reader easy to understand meaning of novel, get the point of message of novel

scholarly journals Novel hepatitis D-like agents in vertebrates and invertebrates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Shan Chang ◽  
John H.-O. Pettersson ◽  
Callum Le Lay ◽  
Mang Shi ◽  
Nathan Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis Delta Virus ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Leucine Zippers ◽  
Hepatitis Delta ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Delta Virus

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known RNA virus and encodes a single protein. Until recently, HDV had only been identified in humans, where it is strongly associated with co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the recent discovery of HDV-like viruses in metagenomic samples from birds and snakes suggests that this virus has a far longer evolutionary history. Herein, using additional meta-transcriptomic data, we show that highly divergent HDV-like viruses are also present in fish, amphibians and invertebrates. Notably, the novel viruses identified here share HDV-like genomic features such as a small genome size of ~1.7kb in length, circular genomes, and self-complementary, unbranched rod-like structures. Coiled-coil domains, leucine zippers, conserved residues with essential biological functions and isoelectronic points similar to those in the human hepatitis delta virus antigens (HDAgs) were also identified in the putative non-human HDAgs. Notably, none of these novel HDV-like viruses were associated with hepadnavirus infection, supporting the idea that the HDV-HBV association may be specific to humans. Collectively, these data not only broaden our understanding of the diversity and host range of HDV in non-human species, but shed light on its origin and evolutionary history.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of twelve new polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl (Caudata: Salamandridae), with data on cross-amplification in P. nebulosus

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Rodríguez ◽  
Elena G. Gonzalez ◽  
Íñigo Martínez-Solano
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Iberia ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellite ◽  
Pleurodeles Waltl

Twelve novel polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl (Caudata, Salamandridae). The distribution of this newt ranges from central and southern Iberia to northwestern Morocco. Polymorphism of these novel loci was tested in 40 individuals from two Iberian populations and compared with previously published markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.13 to 0.57 and from 0.21 to 0.64, respectively. Cross-species amplification was tested in Pleurodeles nebulosus, which is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Eight new and seven previously published loci amplified successfully in that species and thus represent a valuable conservation tool. The novel microsatellites will be useful for a better understanding of the population dynamics, demography, genetic structure, and evolutionary history of Pleurodeles waltl and P. nebulosus.

Effects of geographic isolation on anti-snakes responses in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Durand ◽  
Arnaud Legrand ◽  
Mélodie Tort ◽  
Alice Thiney ◽  
Radika J. Michniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Podarcis Muralis ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Predator Response ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Predatory Pressure

Alteration in anti-predatory behaviour following geographic isolation has been observed in a number of taxa. Such alteration was attributed to the effect of relaxed selection in the novel environment, reinforced by the cost of anti-predatory behaviours. We studied aspects of anti-snake behaviour in 987 adult and juvenile wall lizards Podarcis muralis from two mainland areas (heavy snake predatory pressure) and two islands (low snake predatory pressure), isolated from the mainland 5000 and 7000 years ago. We conducted a scented retreat site choice experiment using the odours of five different snake species (saurophagous, piscivorous or generalist feeder). Mainland lizards avoided shelters scented by saurophagous snakes, but not those scented by non saurophagous snake species. Long isolated lizards (7000 years ago) showed no anti-predator response to any snake, suggesting a total loss of anti-predatory behaviour towards saurophagous snakes. More recently isolated lizards (5000 years ago) however showed anti-snake behaviour towards a former sympatric adder species, and a tendency to avoid the scent of a sympatric generalist feeder snake. There was no difference in the anti-snake responses between adult and juvenile wall lizards from all four sites, suggesting a limited role for experience (behavioural plasticity) in the expression of anti-snake behaviour in wall lizards.

The Role of Predation in Shaping the Behavior, Morphology and Community Organization of Desert Rodents

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
BP Kotler ◽  
JS Brown ◽  
WA Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Bipedal Locomotion ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Community Processes ◽  
Desert Rodents ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Predation greatly influences many aspects of the ecology of desert rodents, from foraging behaviour to mechanisms of species coexistence to the evolution of specialised morphologies. Using a foraging-theory approach, we examine consequences of predation for assemblages of desert rodents from North America and the Middle East. In particular, we review experimental evidence that examines the influence of predation on foraging costs and foraging behaviour, explore how predation can act to structure communities, and discuss the role that predation may have played in the evolution of bipedal locomotion. Finally, we compare the importance of predation for the evolution of anti-predator behaviours and morphology, for population dynamics, and for community processes, with its magnitude and heterogeneity. In regard to foraging behaviour, desert rodents treat the risk of predation as a cost of foraging. They combine assessments of food and safety to arrive at foraging decisions, exploiting resource patches less intensively in response to increased predatory risk. The cost of predation can be up to 91% of the foraging costs of desert rodents, but the proportion is greater for Middle Eastern rodents than for North American rodents. In regard to community structure, predation can provide the niche axis as well as the necessary tradeoff for species coexistence. Despite the importance of predation in shaping the foraging behaviour of desert rodents, predation may not always influence species coexistence. Predation contributes to species coexistence at sites in the Sonoran and Great Basin deserts. But in the Negev Desert, where predation costs are the greatest, predation does not provide a mechanism of species coexistence. In regard to bipedal locomotion, predation most likely confers superior ability to avoid predators by improving sprint speed and ability to take evasive action, but at the expense of foraging ability in safe microhabitats. The evolution of bipedality will be favoured by situations where the risk of predation is great: the open microhabitat is riskier than the bush, the richest patches are found in the riskiest places, and rich patches are far apart. The magnitude of predatory risk will affect the evolution of anti-predator behaviour and morphologies. However, the importance of predation in community processes is not determined by its magnitude, but by its heterogeneity in time and space relative to the abilities of potentially coexisting species.

Foraging Response to Risks of Predation and Competition in Artificial Pools

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Stav ◽  
Burt P. Kotler ◽  
Leon Blaustein
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Similar Tendency ◽  
Green Toad ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Giving Up Density ◽  
Culiseta Longiareolata ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Resource Patches

Although ecologists have learned much about the influence of competitors and perceived risk of predation on foraging in terrestrial systems by measuring giving-up density (GUD, the amount of food left behind in a resource patch following exploitation), GUDs have rarely been used in aquatic environments. Here we use foraging activity (proportion foraging) and GUDs to assess the effects that two periphyton consumers and potential competitors, green toad (Bufo viridis) tadpoles and mosquito (Culiseta longiareolata) larvae, have on each other. We also examine the effects of perceived risk of predation imposed by a dragonfly nymph (Anax imperator). To do so, we conducted an artificial pool experiment and developed a food patch appropriate for measuring GUDs for periphyton grazers. MoreCulisetaindividuals foraged in rich food patches than in poor patches.Bufoshowed a similar tendency. FewerBufoforaged in both patch types in the presence of cagedAnax. Culisetashowed a similar tendency. However, in the rich patches, onlyBuforeduced foraging activity when the caged predator was present. BothBufoandCulisetadepleted food patches through exploitation, resulting in lower GUDs. Both competitors together resulted in lower GUDs than did food depletion of each species alone. However, the presence of cagedAnaxhad little or no effects on GUDs. Overall, bothBufoandCulisetarespond to food and safety. They are able to direct foraging effort to richer patches and devote more time to those patches, and they respond to predation risk by choosing whether or not to exploit resource patches.

scholarly journals Does Moonlight Increase Predation Risk for Elusive Mammals in Costa Rica?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 194008292095240
Author(s):  
Ryan T. Botts ◽  
Amy A. Eppert ◽  
Timothy J. Wiegman ◽  
Steven R. Blankenship ◽  
Abner Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Increased Risk

An increasing body of evidence indicates that moonlight influences the nocturnal activity patterns of tropical mammals, both predators and prey. One explanation is that brighter moonlight is associated with increased risk of predation (Predation Risk hypothesis), but it has also been proposed that nocturnal activity may be influenced by the sensory ecology of a species, with species that rely on visual detection of food and danger predicted to increase their activity during bright moonlight, while species relying on non-visual senses should decrease activity (Visual Acuity hypothesis). Lack of an objective measure of “visual acuity” has made this second hypothesis difficult to test, therefore we employed a novel approach to better understand the role of lunar illumination in driving activity patterns by using the tapetum lucidum as a proxy for “night vision” acuity. To test the alternative predictions, we analyzed a large dataset from our long-term camera trap study in Costa Rica using activity overlap, relative abundance, and circular statistical techniques. Mixed models explored the influence of illumination factors (moonrise/set, cloud cover, season) and night vision acuity (tapetum type) on nocturnal and lunar phase-related activity patterns. Our results support the underlying assumptions of the predation risk and visual acuity models, but indicate that neither can fully predict lunar-related activity patterns. With diurnal human “super predators” forcing a global increase in activity during the night by mammals, our findings can contribute to a better understanding of nocturnal activity patterns and the development of conservation approaches to mitigate forced temporal niche shifts.

New pieces on genetic diversity and evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus: Characterization of the novel subgenotype F6

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 140-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Noelia Mojsiejczuk ◽  
Carolina Torres ◽  
María Belén Pisano ◽  
Viviana Re ◽  
Rodolfo Héctor Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
B Virus ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Divergent Behavior Amid Convergent Evolution: A Case of Four Desert Rodents Learning to Respond to Known and Novel Vipers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonny S. Bleicher ◽  
Burt P. Kotler ◽  
Omri Shalev ◽  
Dixon Austin ◽  
Keren Embar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Kangaroo Rats ◽  
Desert Rodents ◽  
Giving Up Density ◽  
Heteromyid Rodents ◽  
Divergent Behavior ◽  
Cheek Pouches

ABSTRACTDesert communities word-wide are used as natural laboratories for the study of convergent evolution, yet inferences drawn from such studies are necessarily indirect. Here, we brought desert organisms together (rodents and vipers) from two deserts (Mojave and Negev). Both predators and prey in the Mojave have adaptations that give them competitive advantage compared to their middle-eastern counterparts. Heteromyid rodents, kangaroo rats and pocket mice, have fur-lined cheek pouches that allow the rodents to carry larger loads under predation risk compared to gerbilline rodents. Sidewinder rattlesnakes have heat-sensing pits, allowing them to hunt better on moonless nights when their Negev sidewinding counterpart, the Saharan horned vipers, are visually impaired. In behavioral-assays, we used giving-up density (GUD) to gage how each species of rodent perceived risk posed by known and novel snakes. We repeated this for the same set of rodents at first encounter and again two months later following intensive “natural” exposure to both snake species. Pre-exposure, all rodents identified their evolutionarily familiar snake as a greater risk than the novel one. However, post-exposure all identified the heat-sensing sidewinder rattlesnake as a greater risk. The heteromyids were more likely to avoid encounters with, and discern the behavioral difference among, snakes than their gerbilline counterparts.

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