Evidence of different underlying processes in pattern recall and decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1813-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Gorman ◽  
Bruce Abernethy ◽  
Damian Farrow
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pattern Recall ◽  
Underlying Processes

scholarly journals Abnormalities of confidence in psychiatry: an overview and future perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monja Hoven ◽  
Maël Lebreton ◽  
Jan B. Engelmann ◽  
Damiaan Denys ◽  
Judy Luigjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Psychiatric Symptomatology ◽  
Underlying Processes

Abstract Our behavior is constantly accompanied by a sense of confidence and its’ precision is critical for adequate adaptation and survival. Importantly, abnormal confidence judgments that do not reflect reality may play a crucial role in pathological decision-making typically seen in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we propose abnormalities of confidence as a new model of interpreting psychiatric symptoms. We hypothesize a dysfunction of confidence at the root of psychiatric symptoms either expressed subclinically in the general population or clinically in the patient population. Our review reveals a robust association between confidence abnormalities and psychiatric symptomatology. Confidence abnormalities are present in subclinical/prodromal phases of psychiatric disorders, show a positive relationship with symptom severity, and appear to normalize after recovery. In the reviewed literature, the strongest evidence was found for a decline in confidence in (sub)clinical OCD, and for a decrease in confidence discrimination in (sub)clinical schizophrenia. We found suggestive evidence for increased/decreased confidence in addiction and depression/anxiety, respectively. Confidence abnormalities may help to understand underlying psychopathological substrates across disorders, and should thus be considered transdiagnostically. This review provides clear evidence for confidence abnormalities in different psychiatric disorders, identifies current knowledge gaps and supplies suggestions for future avenues. As such, it may guide future translational research into the underlying processes governing these abnormalities, as well as future interventions to restore them.

scholarly journals The effect of context on sensory accumulation involved in decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 23-24
Author(s):  
Léa Caya-Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Do So

The underlying processes allowing for decision-making has been a question of interest for many neuroscientists. The lateral intraparietal cortex, or LIP, was shown to accumulate context and sensory information to compute a decision variable. The following review will present the work of Kumano, Suda and Uka who studied the link between context and sensory information during decision-making. To do so, a monkey was trained to associate the color of a fixating dot to one of two tasks. The tasks consisted in either indicating the motion or the depth of themajority of the dots on a screen. The local field potential of the LIP neurons was recorded, and the researchers found a role of context during the stimulus presentation in regards to decision formation. The results have important implication for mental disorders involving malfunction in decision processes.

scholarly journals Effort-related decision-making and its underlying processes during childhood.

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1487-1496
Author(s):  
Keertana Ganesan ◽  
Nikolaus Steinbeis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Underlying Processes

Business Advice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Bonner ◽  
Nathan L. Meikle ◽  
Kristin Bain ◽  
Daniel Shannahan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Beer Industry ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Cooperative Decision Making ◽  
Underlying Processes

This chapter frames the transfer of advice as a special case of traditional cooperative decision making, in which group members proffer preferences (advice) to one another as a means of reaching consensus. Although the transfer of advice differs from group decision making on a number of acknowledged factors, the underlying processes of the two are analogous, such that the group decision-making literature can usefully inform the study of advice. Using this theoretical perspective, the chapter examines how advice is offered and accepted as a function of demonstrability—that is, the degree to which a decision environment facilitates shared conceptual systems, the willingness and ability to include the input of others in one’s decision making, and the willingness and ability of those with expertise to attempt to transfer their knowledge to others. This understanding is then applied to two cases: the craft beer industry and travel hacking. Best practices in business are discussed.

scholarly journals Perceptual-cognitive skill and the in situ performance of soccer players

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëtte J. J. van Maarseveen ◽  
Raôul R. D. Oudejans ◽  
David L. Mann ◽  
Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Pattern Recall ◽  
Gaze Behaviour

Many studies have shown that experts possess better perceptual-cognitive skills than novices (e.g., in anticipation, decision making, pattern recall), but it remains unclear whether a relationship exists between performance on those tests of perceptual-cognitive skill and actual on-field performance. In this study, we assessed the in situ performance of skilled soccer players and related the outcomes to measures of anticipation, decision making, and pattern recall. In addition, we examined gaze behaviour when performing the perceptual-cognitive tests to better understand whether the underlying processes were related when those perceptual-cognitive tasks were performed. The results revealed that on-field performance could not be predicted on the basis of performance on the perceptual-cognitive tests. Moreover, there were no strong correlations between the level of performance on the different tests. The analysis of gaze behaviour revealed differences in search rate, fixation duration, fixation order, gaze entropy, and percentage viewing time when performing the test of pattern recall, suggesting that it is driven by different processes to those used for anticipation and decision making. Altogether, the results suggest that the perceptual-cognitive tests may not be as strong determinants of actual performance as may have previously been assumed.

Suboptimal Decision Making in Borderline Personality Disorder: Effect of Potential Losses

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Sánchez-Navarro ◽  
Joshua A. Weller ◽  
Jose M. López-Navarro ◽  
Jose M. Martínez-Selva ◽  
Antoine Bechara
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Disorder Effect ◽  
Matched Comparison ◽  
Underlying Processes

AbstractThis research explored the underlying processes mediating risky decisions for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). We tested whether BPD patients were more apt to take risks compared to a matched comparison group. We used two controlled tasks designed to assess risky decision-making, both to achieve gains and to avoid losses. Overall, BPD patients showed increased risk-taking compared to the comparison group (p = .011, η2 = .224), and were especially likely to be risk-seeking when the decision was framed as a potential loss (p < .0001, d = 1.77). When the outcome involved pure losses, BPD patients were insensitive to the relative expected value between choice options resulting in suboptimal decision making (p = .004, d = 1.24), but did not differ from the comparison group when taking risks to achieve gains (p = .603, d = 0.21). We discuss these results in the context of behavioral and neuropsychiatric research suggesting abnormalities BPD patients’ ability to effectively regulate affect.

scholarly journals Comparative inspiration: From puzzles with pigeons to novel discoveries with humans in risky choice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Madan ◽  
Elliot Andrew Ludvig ◽  
Marcia L Spetch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Decisions From Experience ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Relative Gains ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Risky Decisions

Both humans and non-human animals regularly encounter decisions involving risk and uncertainty. This paper provides an overview of our research program examining risky decisions in which the odds and outcomes are learned through experience in people and pigeons. We summarize the results of 15 experiments across 8 publications, with a total of over 1300 participants. We highlight 4 key findings from this research: (1) people choose differently when the odds and outcomes are learned through experience compared to when they are described; (2) when making decisions from experience, people overweight values at or near the ends of the distribution of experienced values (i.e., the best and the worst, termed the “extreme-outcome rule”), which leads to more risk seeking for relative gains than for relative losses; (3) people show biases in self-reported memory whereby they are more likely to report an extreme outcome than an equally-often experienced non-extreme outcome, and they judge these extreme outcomes as having occurred more often; and (4) under certain circumstances pigeons show similar patterns of risky choice as humans, but the underlying processes may not be identical. This line of research has stimulated other research in the field of judgement and decision making, illustrating how investigations from a comparative perspective can lead in surprising directions.

scholarly journals Abnormalities of confidence in psychiatry: an overview and future perspectives.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monja Hoven ◽  
Maël Lebreton ◽  
Jan Engelmann ◽  
Damiaan Denys ◽  
Judy Luigjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Psychiatric Symptomatology ◽  
Underlying Processes

Our behavior is constantly accompanied by a sense of confidence and its’ precision is critical for adequate adaptation and survival. Importantly, abnormal confidence judgments that do not reflect reality may play a crucial role in pathological decision-making typically seen in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we propose abnormalities of confidence as a new model of interpreting psychiatric symptoms. We hypothesize a dysfunction of confidence at the root of psychiatric symptoms either expressed subclinically in the general population or clinically in the patient population.Our review reveals a robust association between confidence abnormalities and psychiatric symptomatology. Confidence abnormalities are present in subclinical/prodromal phases of psychiatric disorders, show a positive relationship with symptom severity, and appear to normalize after recovery. In the reviewed literature, the strongest evidence was found for a decline in confidence in (sub)clinical OCD, and for a decrease in confidence discrimination in (sub)clinical schizophrenia. We found suggestive evidence for increased/decreased confidence in addiction, depression/anxiety, respectively.Confidence abnormalities may help to understand underlying psychopathological substrates across disorders, and should thus be considered transdiagnostically. This review provides clear evidence for confidence abnormalities in different psychiatric disorders, identifies current knowledge gaps and supplies suggestions for future avenues. As such, it may guide future translational research into the underlying processes governing these abnormalities, as well as future interventions to restore them.

scholarly journals Effort-Related Decision-Making and its Underlying Processes during Childhood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keertana Ganesan ◽  
Nikolaus Steinbeis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Underlying Processes

Effort-Related Decision-Making and its Underlying Processes during Childhood

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