The early processing of metaphors and similes: Evidence from eye movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Ashby ◽  
Carlos Roncero ◽  
Roberto G de Almeida ◽  
Stephen J Agauas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Metaphor Interpretation

This eye movement study examined how people read nominal metaphors and similes in order to investigate how the surface form, or wording, of these expressions affected early processing. Participants silently read metaphors ( knowledge is a river) and similes ( knowledge is like a river). The identical words were used in the topic–vehicle pair ( knowledge– river) in both conditions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated longer reading times and a higher proportion of regressions in metaphors than in similes. Familiarity modulated later metaphor effects in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. Reading ability did not modulate the metaphor effects in Experiment 2. Results indicate that readers revised their initial interpretation of metaphors before moving on to read new text. This suggests that readers did not initially hold figurative interpretations of apt nominal metaphors that are somewhat familiar. Metaphor interpretation may be fast, but it is not easy.

scholarly journals Modes of Address in Pictorial Art: An Eye Movement Study of Manet's Bar at the Folies-Bergère

Leonardo ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Harland ◽  
John Gillett ◽  
Carl M. Mann ◽  
Jason Kass ◽  
Hayward J. Godwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Edouard Manet ◽  
Expert And Novice ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Historical Accounts

Art-historical accounts of the last 200 years identify developments in the types, or “modes,” of address that a picture can present to a viewer as critical to the experience and evaluation of paintings. The authors focus on “anti-theatrical” theories of pictorial address and the complex and innovative “double relation” of absorption and acknowledgment introduced by the painter Edouard Manet. They report a case study of Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère investigating expert and novice spectators' eye movements and utterances in response to the painting to find evidence that viewers seek resolution of the complex “double relation” that the theories describe.

scholarly journals Eye movements in developing readers: From basic research to classroom application.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Spichtig ◽  
Christian Vorstius ◽  
Ronan Reilly ◽  
Jochen Laubrock
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Reading Education ◽  
Reading Behaviors ◽  
Perceptual Span ◽  
Increased Risk

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/362645755 Eye-movement recording has made it possible to achieve a detailed understanding of oculomotor and cognitive behavior during reading and of changes in this behavior across the stages of reading development. Given that many students struggle to attain even basic reading skills, a logical extension of eye-movement research involves its applications in both the diagnostic and instructional areas of reading education. The focus of this symposium is on eye-movement research with potential implications for reading education. Christian Vorstius will review results from a large-scale longitudinal study that examined the development of spatial parameters in fixation patterns within three cohorts, ranging from elementary to early middle school, discussing an early development window and its potential influences on reading ability and orthography. Ronan Reilly and Xi Fan will present longitudinal data related to developmental changes in reading-related eye movements in Chinese. Their findings are indicative of increasing sensitivity to lexical predictability and sentence coherence. The authors suggest that delays in the emergence of these reading behaviors may signal early an increased risk of reading difficulty. Jochen Laubrock’s presentation will focus on perceptual span development and explore dimensions of this phenomenon with potential educational implications, such as the modulation of perceptual span in relation to cognitive load, as well as preview effects during oral and silent reading --and while reading comic books.

Processing and learning of enhanced English collocations: An eye movement study

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmook Choi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Better Than

Research to date suggests that textual enhancement may positively affect the learning of multiword combinations known as collocations, but may impair recall of unenhanced text. However, the attentional mechanisms underlying such effects remain unclear. In this study, 38 undergraduate students were divided into two groups: one read a text containing typographically enhanced collocations (ET group) and the other read the same text with unenhanced collocations (the baseline text, or BT group). While reading, participants’ eye movements were recorded with an eye-tracker. Results showed that the ET group spent significantly longer time processing target collocations, and performed better than the BT group in a post-reading collocation test. However, apart from the enhanced collocations, the ET group recalled significantly less unenhanced text than the BT group. Further investigation of eye fixation data showed that the ET group spent substantially longer time processing collocations which, according to a pretest, they were not familiar with than did the BT group, whereas the two groups did not differ significantly in their processing of familiar collocations. Collectively, the results suggest that the trade-off between collocation learning and recall of unenhanced text is due to additional cognitive resources being allocated to enhanced collocations that are new to the reader.

scholarly journals The modulation of reading strategies by language opacity in early bilinguals: an eye movement study

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIEGO DE LEÓN RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
KARIN A. BUETLER ◽  
NOËMI EGGENBERGER ◽  
BASIL C. PREISIG ◽  
RAHEL SCHUMACHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
French Language ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Brain Process ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
French Words ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Converging evidences from eye movement experiments indicate that linguistic contexts influence reading strategies. However, the question of whether different linguistic contexts modulate eye movements during reading in the same bilingual individuals remains unresolved. We examined reading strategies in a transparent (German) and an opaque (French) language of early, highly proficient French–German bilinguals: participants read aloud isolated French and German words and pseudo-words while the First Fixation Location (FFL), its duration and latency were measured. Since transparent linguistic contexts and pseudo-words would favour a direct grapheme/phoneme conversion, the reading strategy should be more local for German than for French words (FFL closer to the beginning) and no difference is expected in pseudo-words’ FFL between contexts. Our results confirm these hypotheses, providing the first evidence that the same individuals engage different reading strategy depending on language opacity, suggesting that a given brain process can be modulated by a given context.

scholarly journals Evidence from ERP and Eye Movements as Markers of Language Dysfunction in Dyslexia

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Premeti ◽  
Maria Pia Bucci ◽  
Frédéric Isel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Developmental dyslexia is a complex reading disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. After more than a century of research, its etiology remains debated. Two hypotheses are often put forward by scholars to account for the causes of dyslexia. The most common one, the linguistic hypothesis, postulates that dyslexia is due to poor phonological awareness. The alternative hypothesis considers that dyslexia is caused by visual-attentional deficits and abnormal eye movement patterns. This article reviews a series of selected event-related brain potential (ERP) and eye movement studies on the reading ability of dyslexic individuals to provide an informed state of knowledge on the etiology of dyslexia. Our purpose is to show that the two abovementioned hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and that dyslexia should rather be considered as a multifactorial deficit.

Neural correlates of individual differences in fixation duration during natural reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Henderson ◽  
Wonil Choi ◽  
Steven G Luke ◽  
Joseph Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Eye Movement Control

Reading requires integration of language and cognitive processes with attention and eye movement control. Individuals differ in their reading ability, but little is known about the neurocognitive processes associated with these individual differences. To investigate this issue, we combined eyetracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), simultaneously recording eye movements and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity while subjects read text passages. We found that the variability and skew of fixation duration distributions across individuals, as assessed by ex-Gaussian analyses, decreased with increasing neural activity in regions associated with the cortical eye movement control network (left frontal eye fields [FEF], left intraparietal sulcus [IPS], left inferior frontal gyrus [IFG] and right IFG). The results suggest that individual differences in fixation duration during reading are related to underlying neurocognitive processes associated with the eye movement control system and its relationship to language processing. The results also show that eye movements and fMRI can be combined to investigate the neural correlates of individual differences in natural reading.

Effects of directional expectations on motion perception and pursuit eye movements

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD J. KRAUZLIS ◽  
SCOTT A. ADLER
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Motion Display ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Dot Motion

Expectations about future motions can influence both perceptual judgements and pursuit eye movements. However, it is not known whether these two effects are due to shared processing, or to separate mechanisms with similar properties. We have addressed this question by providing subjects with prior information about the likely direction of motion in an upcoming random-dot motion display and measuring both the perceptual judgements and pursuit eye movements elicited by the stimulus. We quantified the subjects' responses by computing oculometric curves from their pursuit eye movements and psychometric curves from their perceptual decisions. Our results show that directional cues caused similar shifts in both the oculometric and psychometric curves toward the expected motion direction, with little change in the shapes of the curves. Prior information therefore biased the outcome of both eye movement and perceptual decisions without systematically changing their thresholds. We also found that eye movement and perceptual decisions tended to be the same on a trial-by-trial basis, at a higher frequency than would be expected by chance. Furthermore, the effects of prior information were evident during pursuit initiation, as well as during pursuit maintenance, indicating that prior information likely influenced the early processing of visual motion. We conclude that, in our experiments, expectations caused similar effects on both pursuit and perception by altering the activity of visual motion detectors that are read out by both the oculomotor and perceptual systems. Applying cognitive factors such as expectations at relatively early stages of visual processing could act to coordinate the metrics of eye movements with perceptual judgements.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

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