scholarly journals Eye movements in developing readers: From basic research to classroom application.

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Spichtig ◽  
Christian Vorstius ◽  
Ronan Reilly ◽  
Jochen Laubrock
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Reading Education ◽  
Reading Behaviors ◽  
Perceptual Span ◽  
Increased Risk

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/362645755 Eye-movement recording has made it possible to achieve a detailed understanding of oculomotor and cognitive behavior during reading and of changes in this behavior across the stages of reading development. Given that many students struggle to attain even basic reading skills, a logical extension of eye-movement research involves its applications in both the diagnostic and instructional areas of reading education. The focus of this symposium is on eye-movement research with potential implications for reading education. Christian Vorstius will review results from a large-scale longitudinal study that examined the development of spatial parameters in fixation patterns within three cohorts, ranging from elementary to early middle school, discussing an early development window and its potential influences on reading ability and orthography. Ronan Reilly and Xi Fan will present longitudinal data related to developmental changes in reading-related eye movements in Chinese. Their findings are indicative of increasing sensitivity to lexical predictability and sentence coherence. The authors suggest that delays in the emergence of these reading behaviors may signal early an increased risk of reading difficulty. Jochen Laubrock’s presentation will focus on perceptual span development and explore dimensions of this phenomenon with potential educational implications, such as the modulation of perceptual span in relation to cognitive load, as well as preview effects during oral and silent reading --and while reading comic books.

The early processing of metaphors and similes: Evidence from eye movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Ashby ◽  
Carlos Roncero ◽  
Roberto G de Almeida ◽  
Stephen J Agauas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Metaphor Interpretation

This eye movement study examined how people read nominal metaphors and similes in order to investigate how the surface form, or wording, of these expressions affected early processing. Participants silently read metaphors ( knowledge is a river) and similes ( knowledge is like a river). The identical words were used in the topic–vehicle pair ( knowledge– river) in both conditions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated longer reading times and a higher proportion of regressions in metaphors than in similes. Familiarity modulated later metaphor effects in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. Reading ability did not modulate the metaphor effects in Experiment 2. Results indicate that readers revised their initial interpretation of metaphors before moving on to read new text. This suggests that readers did not initially hold figurative interpretations of apt nominal metaphors that are somewhat familiar. Metaphor interpretation may be fast, but it is not easy.

scholarly journals Hearing in a world of light: why, where, and how visual and auditory information are connected by the brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Groh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Auditory Space ◽  
Keynote Presentation

Keynote by Jenny Groh (Duke University) at the 20th European Conference on Eye Movement Research (ECEM) in Alicante, 19.8.2019 Video stream: https://vimeo.com/356576513 Abstract: Information about eye movements with respect to the head is required for reconciling visual and auditory space. This keynote presentation describes recent findings concerning how eye movements affect early auditory processing via motor processes in the ear (eye movement-related eardrum oscillations, or EMREOs). Computational efforts to understand how eye movements are factored in to auditory processing to produce a reference frame aligned with visual space uncovered a second critical issue: sound location is not mapped but is instead rate (meter) coded in the primate brain, unlike visual space. Meter coding would appear to limit the representation of multiple simultaneous sounds. The second part of this presentation concerns how such a meter code could use fluctuating activity patterns to circumvent this limitation

scholarly journals Evidence from ERP and Eye Movements as Markers of Language Dysfunction in Dyslexia

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Premeti ◽  
Maria Pia Bucci ◽  
Frédéric Isel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Developmental dyslexia is a complex reading disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. After more than a century of research, its etiology remains debated. Two hypotheses are often put forward by scholars to account for the causes of dyslexia. The most common one, the linguistic hypothesis, postulates that dyslexia is due to poor phonological awareness. The alternative hypothesis considers that dyslexia is caused by visual-attentional deficits and abnormal eye movement patterns. This article reviews a series of selected event-related brain potential (ERP) and eye movement studies on the reading ability of dyslexic individuals to provide an informed state of knowledge on the etiology of dyslexia. Our purpose is to show that the two abovementioned hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and that dyslexia should rather be considered as a multifactorial deficit.

scholarly journals Abstracts of the 14th European Conference on Eye Movements 2007

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Kliegl ◽  
R. Engbert
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
European Conference ◽  
Visual Neuroscience ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Poster Presentations

The European Conference on Eye Movements, ECEM2007, is the 14th in a series of international scientific conferences dedicated to transdisciplinary research on eye movements. The series was initiated in 1981 by Rudolf Groner in Bern and is organized every second year by a group of European scientists active in eye movement research. This meeting in Potsdam is the third one in Germany, after Göttingen in 1987 and Ulm in 1997. The broad range of topics of the ECEM conferences attracts scientists from psychology, cognitive and visual neuroscience, computer science and related disciplines with interests from basic research to medical and applied aspects. Some 400 scientists from 27 countries, literally from around the world, have registered as participants of ECEM2007 and submitted over 300 oral and poster presentations.

Neural correlates of individual differences in fixation duration during natural reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Henderson ◽  
Wonil Choi ◽  
Steven G Luke ◽  
Joseph Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Eye Movement Control

Reading requires integration of language and cognitive processes with attention and eye movement control. Individuals differ in their reading ability, but little is known about the neurocognitive processes associated with these individual differences. To investigate this issue, we combined eyetracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), simultaneously recording eye movements and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity while subjects read text passages. We found that the variability and skew of fixation duration distributions across individuals, as assessed by ex-Gaussian analyses, decreased with increasing neural activity in regions associated with the cortical eye movement control network (left frontal eye fields [FEF], left intraparietal sulcus [IPS], left inferior frontal gyrus [IFG] and right IFG). The results suggest that individual differences in fixation duration during reading are related to underlying neurocognitive processes associated with the eye movement control system and its relationship to language processing. The results also show that eye movements and fMRI can be combined to investigate the neural correlates of individual differences in natural reading.

scholarly journals The “risky” reading strategy revisited: New simulations using E-Z Reader

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A McGowan ◽  
Erik D Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
Perceptual Span ◽  
Conservative Strategy ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Strategy Making

Eye-movement studies have demonstrated that, relative to college-aged readers, older readers of alphabetic languages like English and German tend to read more slowly, making more frequent and longer fixations and longer saccades, and skipping more words, but also making more frequent regressions. These findings have led to suggestions that older readers either adopt a “risky” strategy of using context to “guess” words as a way of compensating for slower rates of lexical processing, or have a smaller and more asymmetrical perceptual span. Unfortunately, neither of these hypotheses seemingly explains more recent observations that older readers of Chinese seem to adopt a more “conservative” strategy, making shorter saccades and skipping less often. In this paper, we use the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control to examine several possible accounts of the differences between college-aged and older readers of both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. These simulations re-confirm that the “risky” strategy may be sufficient to explain age-related differences in reader’s eye movements, with older readers of English versus Chinese being, respectively, more versus less inclined to guess upcoming words. The implications of these results for aging, reading, and models of eye-movement control are discussed.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Study of Biochemical and Clinical Markers in Steatohepatitis Related to Obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1501-1505
Author(s):  
Roxana Maria Livadariu ◽  
Radu Danila ◽  
Lidia Ionescu ◽  
Delia Ciobanu ◽  
Daniel Timofte
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Biopsy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Increased Risk

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly associated to obesity and comprises several liver diseases, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) with increased risk of developing progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver biopsy is the gold standard in diagnosing the disease, but it cannot be used in a large scale. The aim of the study was the assessment of some non-invasive clinical and biological markers in relation to the progressive forms of NAFLD. We performed a prospective study on 64 obese patients successively hospitalised for bariatric surgery in our Surgical Unit. Patients with history of alcohol consumption, chronic hepatitis B or C, other chronic liver disease or patients undergoing hepatotoxic drug use were excluded. All patients underwent liver biopsy during sleeve gastrectomy. NAFLD was present in 100% of the patients: hepatic steatosis (38%), NASH with the two forms: with fibrosis (31%) and without fibrosis (20%), cumulating 51%; 7 patients had NASH with vanished steatosis. NASH with fibrosis statistically correlated with metabolic syndrome (p = 0.036), DM II (p = 0.01) and obstructive sleep apnea (p = 0.02). Waist circumference was significantly higher in the steatohepatitis groups (both with and without fibrosis), each 10 cm increase increasing the risk of steatohepatitis (p = 0.007). The mean values of serum fibrinogen and CRP were significantly higher in patients having the progressive forms of NAFLD. Simple clinical and biological data available to the practitioner in medicine can be used to identify obese patients at high risk of NASH, aiming to direct them to specialized medical centers.

Should all Hypertensive Patients be Screened for Primary Aldosteronism?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Stelina Alkagiet ◽  
Konstantinos Tziomalos
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Hypertension ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is not only a leading cause of secondary and resistant hypertension, but is also quite frequent in unselected hypertensive patients. Moreover, PA is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which is disproportionate to BP levels. In addition, timely diagnosis of PA and prompt initiation of treatment attenuate this increased risk. On the other hand, there are limited data regarding the usefulness of screening for PA in all asymptomatic or normokalemic hypertensive patients. More importantly, until now, no well-organized, large-scale, prospective, randomized controlled trial has proved the effectiveness of screening for PA for improving clinical outcome. Accordingly, until more relevant data are available, screening for PA should be considered in hypertensive patients with spontaneous or diuretic-induced hypokalemia as well as in those with resistant hypertension. However, screening for PA in all hypertensive patients cannot be currently recommended.

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