The good, the bad and the sofa: Order of protocol among EU leaders in the context of the Union's external representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Niklas I. M. Nováky
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-803
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Bussey ◽  
MaryKay Orgill

Instructors draw on their intentions for student learning in the enactment of curriculum, particularly in the selection and presentation of external representation of scientific phenomena. These representations both create opportunities for students to experience non-experiential biochemical phenomena, such as protein translation, and constrain the possibilities for student learning based on the limited number of features depicted and the visual cues used to draw viewers attention to those features. In this study, we explore biochemistry instructors’ intentions for student learning about protein translation and how those intentions influence their selection of external representations for instruction. A series of instructor interviews were used to identify information that students need to know in order to develop a biochemically accurate understanding of protein translation. We refer to this information as the “critical features” of protein translation. Two dominant themes of critical features were identified: (1) components/structures of protein translation and (2) interactions/chemistry of protein translation. Three general components (the ribosome, the mRNA, and the tRNA) and two primary interactions (base pairing and peptide bond formation) were described by all instructors. Instructors tended to favor simpler, stylized representations that closely aligned with their stated critical features of translation for instructional purposes.


2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 607-616
Author(s):  
YUANYUAN ZHANG ◽  
SHUDONG WANG ◽  
MEIXI YANG ◽  
DASHUN XU ◽  
DAZHI MENG

With the rapid growth of microarray data, it has become a hot topic to reveal complex behaviors and functions of life system by studying the relationships among genes. In the process of reverse network modeling, the relationships with less relevance are generally not considered by determining a threshold when the relationships among genes are mined. However, there are no effective methods to determine the threshold up to now. It is worthwhile to note that the phenotypes of genetic diseases are generally regarded as external representation of the functions of genes. Therefore, two types of phenotype networks are constructed from gene and disease views, respectively, and through comparing these two types of phenotype networks, the threshold of gene network corresponding to a certain disease can be determined when their similarity reaches to maximum. Because the gene network is determined based on the relationships among phenotypes and phenotypes are external representation of the functions of genes, it is considered that relationships in the gene network may show functional relationships among genes in biological system. In this work, the thresholds 0.47 and 0.48 of gene network are determined based on Parkinson disease phenotypes. Furthermore, the validity of these thresholds is verified by the specificity and susceptibility of phenotype networks. Also, through comparing the structural parameters of gene networks for normal and disease stage at different thresholds, significant difference between the two gene networks at threshold 0.47 or 0.48 is found. The significant difference of structural parameters further verifies the efficiency of this method.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Rosa Virginia Hernández ◽  
Luis Fernando Mariño ◽  
Mawency Vergel

En este artículo se presenta la caracterización del conocimiento semántico evidenciado por un grupo de estudiantes en la representación externa a problemas de ecuaciones diferenciales lineales de segundo orden como modelos matemáticos. El trabajo fue cuantitativo de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo utilizando un cuestionario en la recolección de información. El soporte teórico que dio sentido al estudio fue el modelo de dos etapas propuesto por Mayer R. para la resolución de problemas matemáticos, el ciclo de modelación bajo la perspectiva cognitiva según Borromeo Ferri y la teoría de las representaciones de Goldin y Kaput. La investigación se centró específicamente en la fase de representación del modelo. Entre los principales hallazgos se destaca que cada participante hace su propia representación externa a conceptos como: sistema masa-resorte, peso, masa, punto de equilibrio, constante de elasticidad, punto de equilibrio, ley de Hooke, fuerza amortiguadora, fuerza externa, ley de Newton, entre otros. Se evidencian también dificultades en el tránsito del lenguaje natural al lenguaje matemático y la representación externa de cada una de los signos, símbolos o expresiones matemáticas inmersas en el problema de palabra, debido a que el resolutor tiene que construir un modelo mental de la situación real y plasmarlo en un modelo matemático. Lo anterior pone de manifiesto la importancia que tiene el conocimiento semántico en la etapa de traducción cuando se intentan resolver problemas como situaciones reales a modelar.Palabras clave: resolución de problemas, ciclos de modelación, problemas de palabra, representaciones externas, conocimiento extra matemático, modelación matemática. AbstractThis article presents the characterization of the semantic knowledge evidenced by a group of students in the external representation to problems of second order linear differential equations as mathematical models. The work was quantitative exploratory and descriptive using a questionnaire in the collection of information. The theoretical support that gave meaning to the study was the two-stage model proposed by Mayer R. for solving mathematical problems, the modeling cycle under the cognitive perspective according to Borromeo Ferri and the theory of representations of Goldin and Kaput. The research focused specifically on the representation phase of the model. Among the main findings is that each participant makes his own external representation to concepts such as: mass-spring system, weight, mass, equilibrium point, constant of elasticity, equilibrium point, Hooke's law, damping force, external force, law of Newton, among others. Difficulties are also evident in the transition from natural language to mathematical language and the external representation of each of the signs, symbols or mathematical expressions involved in the word problem, because the resolver has to construct a mental model of the real situation and translate it into a mathematical model. This demonstrates the importance of semantic knowledge in the translation stage when trying to solve problems as real situations to be modeledKeywords: problem solving, modeling cycles, word problems, external representations, extra mathematical knowledge, mathematical modeling.ResumoEste artigo apresenta a caracterização do conhecimento semântico evidenciado por um grupo de estudantes na representação externa a problemas de equações diferenciais lineares de segunda ordem como modelos matemáticos. O trabalho foi quantitativo exploratório e descritivo usando um questionário na coleta de informações. O suporte teórico que deu sentido ao estudo foi o modelo de dois estágios proposto por Mayer R. para resolver problemas matemáticos, o ciclo de modelagem sob a perspectiva cognitiva de acordo com Borromeo Ferri e a teoria das representações de Goldin e Kaput. A pesquisa focalizou especificamente a fase de representação do modelo. Entre os principais achados, cada participante faz sua própria representação externa para conceitos como: sistema de massa-mola, peso, massa, ponto de equilíbrio, constante de elasticidade, ponto de equilíbrio, lei de Hooke, força de amortecimento, força externa, lei de Newton, entre outros. As dificuldades também são evidentes na transição da linguagem natural para a linguagem matemática e a representação externa de cada um dos signos, símbolos ou expressões matemáticas envolvidas na palavra problema, porque o resolvedor tem que construir um modelo mental da situação real e traduzi-lo para um modelo matemático. Isso demonstra a importância do conhecimento semântico na fase de tradução ao tentar resolver problemas como situações reais a serem modeladas. ______________________________________________________ Palavras-chave: resolução de problemas, ciclos de modelagem, problemas de palavra, representação externa, conhecimento extra matemático, modelagem matemática


2022 ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Kalpana Sahoo

The aim of this paper is two aspects: to provide an overview of organizational wellbeing (OW) research; to present a new model of OW focusing on successful outcomes and its operationalization of the construct and the recommendations for future. A summary literature review of the OW literature, focusing on organizational well-being and its possible consequences. The literature is used to develop and propose a new model of OW and its success indicators. Testable relationships are proposed between these indicators. The research model has not been tested empirically. It is an external representation, is a new and untested concept in the OW literature. The paper provides a model that leaders, managers and newcomers may find useful to successfully establish the OW process. The model proposed is novel and raises the important issue of appropriate OW success indicators. New propositions are made regarding relationships between antecedents and output variables.


1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Jon Oberlander

Clark & Thornton speculate that intervening in the real world might be a way of transforming type-2 problems into type-1, but they state that they are not aware of any definite cases. It is argued that the active construction of external representations often performs exactly this function, and that recoding via the real world is therefore common, if not ubiquitous.


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