scholarly journals NUCLEAR DNA AND CYTOPLASMIC DNA FROM TISSUES OF HIGHER PLANTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Hotta ◽  
Alix Bassel ◽  
Herbert Stern
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna ◽  
Sucrose Medium

Young wheat roots were labeled with 32P-inorganic phosphate. Following the labeling period, roots were homogenized in a sucrose medium and fractionated into nuclei, cytoplasmic particles (including proplastids and mitochondria), and a soluble fraction containing most of the microsomes. DNA prepared from the particles had a higher buoyant density than that from the nuclei and showed a marked loss in total label if the roots were exposed to non-radioactive medium for 48 hours prior to fractionation of the cells.

scholarly journals Kinetic complexity of chloroplastal deoxyribonucleic acid and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid from higher plants

1969 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 777-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wells ◽  
Max Birnstiel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Caesium Chloride ◽  
Cellular Dna

1. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were isolated by aqueous and non-aqueous cell-fractionation techniques. In a variety of higher plants the mitochondrial DNA bands in a caesium chloride gradient at 1·706g.cm.−3, whereas chloroplastal DNA has a buoyant density of 1·697g.cm.−3. 2. In total cellular DNA of moderate molecular weight, the chloroplastal DNA is found within the Gaussian distribution of the nuclear DNA and is not resolved as a satellite. 3. Both chloroplastal DNA and mitochondrial DNA from lettuce renature rapidly. 4. The kinetic complexity of mitochondrial DNA is > 108 daltons. 5. Chloroplastal DNA is made up from fast and slow renaturing sequences with kinetic complexities of 3×106 and 1·2×108 daltons respectively. 6. From the discrepancy between analytical and kinetic complexity it is concluded that chloroplastal DNA is extensively reiterated.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN MAN: II. A STUDY OF THE PERMEABILITY OF THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE TO INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN VITRO BY THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHATE (P32)

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. L. TAYLOR ◽  
S. M. LEVENSON ◽  
M. A. ADAMS ◽  
MARY KENDRICK
Keyword(s):  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Phosphate Exchange ◽  
Inorganic Fraction

Abstract 1. Phosphate exchange in red cells and plasma was studied in vitro using P32 in the form of sodium phosphate as a tracer. 2. No phosphate was added other than the isotopic preparation which was of high specific activity. 3. Inorganic phosphate exchanged freely between the plasma and the erythrocytes at 37.5 C. in a period of four hours. Minimal transfer occurred at 7 C. 4. Most of the added P32 which passed into the erythrocytes during this time remained in the inorganic fraction, less than 15 per cent being found in the organic acid soluble fraction. 5. The specific activity of the inorganic phosphate of the erythrocytes was equal to or greater than that obtaining for the inorganic phosphate of the plasma at the end of the four hour incubation period at 37.5 C.

scholarly journals MINOR COMPONENTS OF THE DNA OF PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 484-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Holt ◽  
Elizabeth G. Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
S Period ◽  
Dna Components

DNA metabolism in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum was studied by centrifugation in CsCl of lysates of cultures labeled with radioactive thymidine at various times in the cell cycle. During the G2 (premitotic) phase of the cell cycle, two components of the DNA are labeled. One component is lighter (buoyant density 1.686 g/cc) than the mean of the principal DNA (1.700 g/cc), and one is heavier (approximately 1.706 g/cc). The labeled light DNA was identified chemically by its denaturability, its susceptibility to DNase, and the recovery of its radioactivity in thymine. Cell fractionation studies showed that the heavy and the principal DNA components are located in the nucleus and that the light DNA is in the cytoplasm. The light DNA comprises approximately 10% of the DNA. About ⅓–½ of the light DNA is synthesized during the S period, and the remainder is synthesized throughout G2 (there is no G1 in Physarum). The light DNA is metabolically stable. A low, variable level of incorporation of radioactive thymidine into the principal, nuclear DNA component was observed during G2.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional electron microscopy of ribosomal chromatin in two higher plants: a cytochemical, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization approach.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Motte ◽  
R Loppes ◽  
M Menager ◽  
R Deltour
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques

We report the 3-D arrangement of DNA within the nucleolar subcomponents from two evolutionary distant higher plants, Zea mays and Sinapis alba. These species are particularly convenient to study the spatial organization of plant intranucleolar DNA, since their nucleoli have been previously reconstructed in 3-D from serial ultra-thin sections. We used the osmium ammine-B complex (a specific DNA stain) on thick sections of Lowicryl-embedded root fragments. Immunocytochemical techniques using anti-DNA antibodies and rDNA/rDNA in situ hybridization were also applied on ultra-thin sections. We showed on tilted images that the OA-B stains DNA throughout the whole thickness of the section. In addition, very low quantities of cytoplasmic DNA were stained by this complex, which is now the best DNA stain used in electron microscopy. Within the nucleoli the DNA was localized in the fibrillar centers, where large clumps of dense chromatin were also visible. In the two plant species intranucleolar chromatin forms a complex network with strands partially linked to chromosomal nucleolar-organizing regions identified by in situ hybridization. This study describes for the first time the spatial arrangement of the intranucleolar chromatin in nucleoli of higher plants using high-resolution techniques.

CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND AMITROLE IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR VOLUME AND DNA CONTENT IN SOME HIGHER PLANTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mohandas ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Dna Values ◽  
Cytological Abnormalities ◽  
Centaurea Jacea ◽  
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum

The cytological effects of 2,4-D and amitrole were studied for 12 species (Tradescantia clone 02, Allium cepa, Vicia faba, Triticum aestivum, T. dicoccum, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Centaurea jacea, Cirsium vulgare, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Plantago major and Erigeron canadensis). Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was used as a positive control. The cytological abnormalities induced in root-tip cells by both 2,4-D and amitrole included chromosome bridges, fragments, lagging chromosomes, and chromatin bodies; 2,4-D also induced chromosome contraction, and C-mitoses. Studies following seed treatments of Hordeum vulgare on M2 seedlings showed that 2,4-D and EMS induced albina mutants. Interphase nuclear volumes of the various species were measured from root-tip meristems. Nuclear DNA values were determined cytophotometrically for seven species. The relative DNA values were found to be positively correlated with nuclear volumes. The lack of any clear relationship between the number of cytological abnormalities induced by the chemicals and the nuclear and interphase chromosome volumes of the plants probably reflects a lack of synchrony of the treated cell population.

The Recognition of Glycolate Oxidase Apoprotein with Flavin Analogs in Higher Plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jun Wang ◽  
Jing-Quan Huang ◽  
Chong Yang ◽  
Jiu-Jiu Huang ◽  
Ming-Qi Li
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Competitive Binding ◽  
Glycolate Oxidase ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Protein Fluorescence ◽  
Inhibition Effect

Abstract The dependence of glycolate oxidase apoprotein (apoGO) activity on flavin analogs was surveyed in 9 higher plants from 7 families. Activities of all apoGOs depended not only on flavin mononucleotide (FMN) but also on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), but not on riboflavin. The kinetic analysis showed that FMN was the optimum cofactor for apoGO from leaves of Brassica campestris. In plant kingdom, FMN, FAD and riboflavin are three flavin analogs with very similar structure, and they could coexist and be inter-converted from each other, so the question is how the apoprotein of glycolate oxidase (GO) recognized these flavin analogs. No inhibition effect of riboflavin on the activity of apoGO with FMN or FAD was found and no obvious quenching of riboflavin or apoGO protein fluorescence was detected with the addition of apoGO or riboflavin, respectively. These results indicated that riboflavin did not bind to apoGO tightly like FMN and FAD. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) did inhibit the activity of GO, and kinetic analysis revealed that this inhibition was caused by the competitive binding to apoGO between Pi and FMN. This competitive binding was further confirmed by the inhibition of Pi to the quenching of FMN and apoGO protein fluorescence with apoGO and FMN, respectively. It was suggested that the 5'-phosphate group of FMN or FAD may play a key role in the recognition and binding of riboflavin analog cofactors with apoGO.

High-resolution flow cytometry of nuclear DNA in higher plants

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 165 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 212-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ulrich ◽  
W. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Higher Plants

Cytoplasmic DNA is structurally different from nuclear DNA

1983 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 252-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koch ◽  
G. Vogt ◽  
W. Kissel
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dna

scholarly journals Proplastid Dna Synthesis at Pachytene in Pollen Mother Cells of Lilium Henryi

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-302
Author(s):  
D. R. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Specific Hybridization ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Sequences ◽  
Mother Cells

About three-quarters of the DNA synthesis occurring in pachytene pollen mother cells of Lilium henryi takes place in proplastids. Only around 15% can be attributed to mitochondrial labelling and 10% to nuclear DNA synthesis. Label was identified in the proplastid genome by its location in electron microscopic autoradiographs, by its buoyant density (1.698 g/ml), and by its specific hybridization to chloroplast DNA sequences from spinach. Proplastids, while apparently not dividing at pachytene, may be replicating their DNA in readiness for subsequent proliferation in developing microspores. The annealing properties of plastid DNA closely parallel those of labelled pachytene DNA sequences implicated in meiotic exchange events.

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF RIBOSOMAL GENE REDUNDANCY IN ZEA MAYS

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
Samuel A Ramirez ◽  
John H Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Redundancy Level ◽  
Gene Redundancy

ABSTRACT Ribosomal genes in eukaryotes are highly redundant. Considerable variation in the level of redundancy among species, especially in higher plants, has been reported; but except for deletion and duplication mutants, it is generally accepted that intraspecific variability in redundancy level is small. We have examined the level of redundancy in several lines of maize by DNA-rRNA saturation hybridization. The amount of nuclear DNA which hybridizes with rRNA in the ten lines examined varied from 0.24% to 0.50%. The number of rRNA genes per diploid genome thus ranges from 1.12 × 104 to 2.32 × 104. Results also indicate that the level of redundancy is genetically transmitted.

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