Multi-round encryption for COVID-19 data using the DNA key

The need for a reliable and fast encryption algorithm to encrypt medical data for patients is an extremely important topic to be considered especially during pandemic times such as the pandemic COVID-19. This pandemic forced governments and healthcare institutions to monitor COVID-19 patients. All the patient's data or records are also shared among healthcare researchers to be used to help them find vaccines or cures for this pandemic. Therefore, protecting such data (images, text) or records face an everincreasing number of risks. In this paper, a novel multi-round encryption algorithm based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is proposed. The significance of the proposed algorithm comes from using a different random key to perform simple and fast encryption operations on multiple rounds to achieve a high level of confusion and diffusion effects in encrypted data. Experiments were conducted using a set of datasets of various types such as Excel sheets, images, and database tables. The experiments were conducted to test the performance and security level of the proposed encryption algorithm against well-known algorithms such as data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES). The experiments show an outstanding performance regarding the encryption time, key size, information entropy, and the avalanche effects.

A Black Hole-Aided Deep-Helix Channel Model for DNA

In this article, we present a black-hole-aided deep-helix (bh-dh) channel model to enhance information bound and mitigate a multiple-helix directional issue in Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) communications. The recent observations of DNA do not match with Shannon bound due to their multiple-helix directional issue. Hence, we propose a bh-dh channel model in this paper. The proposed bh-dh channel model follows a similar fashion of DNA and enriches the earlier DNA observations as well as achieving a composite like information bound. To do successfully the proposed bh-dh channel model, we first define a black-hole-aided Bernoulli-process and then consider a symmetric bh-dh channel model. After that, the geometric and graphical insight shows the resemblance of the proposed bh-dh channel model in DNA and Galaxy layout. In our exploration, the proposed bh-dh symmetric channel geometrically sketches a deep-pair-ellipse when a deep-pair information bit or digit is distributed in the proposed channel. Furthermore, the proposed channel graphically shapes as a beautiful circulant ring. The ring contains a central-hole, which looks like a central-black-hole of a Galaxy. The coordinates of the inner-ellipses denote a deep-double helix, and the coordinates of the outer-ellipses sketch a deep-parallel strand. Finally, the proposed bh-dh symmetric channel significantly outperforms the traditional binary-symmetric channel and is verified by computer simulations in terms of Shannon entropy and capacity bound.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid 5-Hydroxymethylation in Cell-Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a Novel Cancer Biomarker in the Era of Precision Medicine

Aberrant methylation has been regarded as a hallmark of cancer. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is recently identified as the ten-eleven translocase (ten-eleven translocase)-mediated oxidized form of 5-methylcytosine, which plays a substantial role in DNA demethylation. Cell-free DNA has been introduced as a promising tool in the liquid biopsy of cancer. There are increasing evidence indicating that 5hmC in cell-free DNA play an active role during carcinogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether 5hmC could surpass classical markers in cancer detection, treatment, and prognosis. Here, we systematically reviewed the recent advances in the clinic and basic research of DNA 5-hydroxymethylation in cancer, especially in cell-free DNA. We further discuss the mechanisms underlying aberrant 5hmC patterns and carcinogenesis. Synergistically, 5-hydroxymethylation may act as a promising biomarker, unleashing great potential in early cancer detection, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies in precision oncology.

Molecular Variation Between RT-PCR Detected Rotavirus Infection of Naturally Diarrheic Neonatal Calves and Rotavirus Strains of Commercial Vaccines

Neonatal diarrhea is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in calves, and Rotavirus is the main viral etiology. Rotavirus vaccines are one of the main important methods for control of diarrhea in neonates' calves. In the current study, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine Rotavirus Group A (BRVA) were performed in our study. 1 Calf guard® vaccine genotype (G6P1) and 5 different field genotypes (2 G6P5, 1 G10P5, G10P? and 1 G10P11) were subjected to DNA sequencing. We observed that at the nucleotide level, G10P5 and G10P? sequences were 100 % identical with each other, two G6P5 sequences were 100% identical with each other and there was no significant similarity between sequences of G10P11 with sequences of G6P5, G10P5, and G10P? The phylogenetic analysis of G10P5 and G10P? isolates showed a close cluster with G10 isolates of Sharkia governorate, Egypt, phylogenetic analysis of two G6P5 and one G10P11 isolate showed a close cluster with the VP4 gene of Rotavirus isolates of Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Molecular comparison between detected and typed Rotaviruses' genotypes with other genotypes of common vaccines indicated that there were genetically close or distance between field and vaccine Rotavirus strains.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Hypercoagulability in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias—Is This Phenomenon Worthy of Exploration?

Plasma cell dyscrasias (PCDs) are neoplastic diseases derived from plasma cells. Patients suffering from PCDs are at high risk of hypercoagulability and thrombosis. These conditions are associated with disease-related factors, patient-related factors, or the use of immunomodulatory drugs. As PCDs belong to neoplastic diseases, some other factors related to the cancer-associated hypercoagulability state in the course of PCDs are also considered. One of the weakest issues studied in PCDs is the procoagulant activity of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web-like structures released from neutrophils in response to different stimuli. These structures are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and bactericidal proteins, such as histones, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, and over 300 other proteins, which are primarily stored in neutrophil granules. NETs immobilize, inactivate the pathogens, and expose them to specialized cells of immune response. Despite their pivotal role in innate immunity, they contribute to the development and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, trigger inflammatory response, or even facilitate the formation of cancer metastases. NETs were also found to induce activity of coagulation and are considered one of the most important factors inducing thrombosis. Here, we summarize how PCDs influence the release of NETs, and hypothesize whether NETs contribute to hypercoagulability in PCDs patients.

DNA Nanodevices: from Mechanical Motions to Biomedical Applications

: Inspired by molecular machines in nature, artificial nanodevices have been designed to realize various biomedical functions. Self-assembled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanostructures that feature designed geometries, excellent spatial accuracy, nanoscale addressability and marked biocompatibility provide an attractive candidate for constructing dynamic nanodevices with biomarker-targeting and stimuli-responsiveness for biomedical applications. Here, a summary of typical construction strategies of DNA nanodevices and their operating mechanisms are presented. We also introduced recent advances in employing DNA nanodevices as platforms for biosensing and intelligent drug delivery. Finally, the broad prospects and main challenges of the DNA nanodevices in biomedical applications are discussed.