scholarly journals LYSOSOMES AND GERL IN NORMAL AND CHROMATOLYTIC NEURONS OF THE RAT GANGLION NODOSUM

1967 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Holtzman ◽  
Alex B. Novikoff ◽  
Humberto Villaverde
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Ganglion Nodosum ◽  
Autophagic Vacuoles ◽  
Inosine Diphosphatase ◽  
Nissl Substance ◽  
Membranous Material

The rat ganglion nodosum was used to study chromatolysis following axon section. After fixation by aldehyde perfusion, frozen sections were incubated for enzyme activities used as markers for cytoplasmic organelles as follows: acid phosphatase for lysosomes and GERL (a Golgi-related region of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from which lysosomes appear to develop) (31–33); inosine diphosphatase for endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus; thiamine pyrophosphatase for Golgi apparatus; acetycholinesterase for Nissl substance (endoplasmic reticulum); NADH-tetra-Nitro BT reductase for mitochondria. All but the mitochondrial enzyme were studied by electron microscopy as well as light microscopy. In chromatolytic perikarya there occur disruption of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the center of the cell and segregation of the remainder to the cell periphery. Golgi apparatus, GERL, mitochondria and lysosomes accumulate in the central region of the cell. GERL is prominent in both normal and operated perikarya. Electron microscopic images suggest that its smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces a variety of lysosomes in several ways: (a) coated vesicles that separate from the reticulum; (b) dense bodies that arise from focal areas dilated with granular or membranous material; (c) "multivesicular bodies" in which vesicles and other material are sequestered; (d) autophagic vacuoles containing endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, presumably derived from the Nissl material, and mitochondria. The number of autophagic vacuoles increases following operation.

Phosphatases and Differentiation of the Golgi Apparatus

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-497
Author(s):  
MARIANNE DAUWALDER ◽  
W. G. WHALEY ◽  
JOYCE E. KEPHART
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Reaction Specificity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Inosine Diphosphatase

Cytochemical techniques for the electron microscopic localization of inosine diphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, and acid phosphatase have been applied to the developing root tip of Zea mays. Following formaldehyde fixation the Golgi apparatus of most of the cells showed reaction specificity for IDPase and TPPase. Following glutaraldehyde fixation marked localization of IDPase reactivity in the Golgi apparatus was limited to the root cap, the epidermis, and the phloem. A parallelism was apparent between the sequential morphological development of the apparatus for the secretion of a polysaccharide product, the fairly direct incorporation of tritiated glucose into the apparatus to become a component of this product and the development of the enzyme reactivity. Acid phosphatase, generally accepted as a lysosomal marker, was found in association with the Golgi apparatus in only a few cell types near the apex of the root. The localization was usually in a single cisterna at the face of the apparatus toward which the production of secretory vesicles builds up and associated regions of what may be smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Since the cell types involved were limited regions of the cap and epidermis and some initial cells, no functional correlates of the reactivity were apparent. Despite the presence of this lysosomal marker, no structures clearly identifiable as ‘lysosomes’ were found and the lack of reaction specificity in the vacuoles did not allow them to be so defined.

scholarly journals AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES PRODUCED IN VITRO

1968 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha E. Fedorko ◽  
James G. Hirsch ◽  
Zanvil A. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Autophagic Vacuoles ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Initial Action

Continuous phase-contrast observations have been made on macrophages following exposure to chloroquine. The initial abnormality is the appearance in the Golgi region of small vacuoles with an intermediate density between that of pinosomes and granules. Over the course of 1–2 hr these vacuoles grow larger and accumulate amorphous material or lipid. Pinosomes or granules frequently fuse with the toxic vacuoles. Chloroquine derivatives can be seen by fluorescence microscopy; the drug is rapidly taken up by macrophages and localized in small foci in the Golgi region. Chloroquine continues to produce vacuoles when pinocytosis is suppressed. Electron microscopic studies of chloroquine effects on macrophages preincubated with colloidal gold to label predominately pinosomes or granules suggest that toxic vacuoles can arise from unlabeled organelles. Later vacuoles regularly acquire gold label, apparently by fusion, from both granules and pinosomes. L cells also develop autophagic vacuoles after exposure to chloroquine. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum apparently is involved early in the autophagic process in these cells. Information now available suggests an initial action of chloroquine on Golgi or smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, and on granules, with alterations in their membranes leading to fusion with one another and with pinosomes.

Changes of organelles associated with the differentiation of epidermal melanocytes in the mouse

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Hirobe ◽  
Takuji Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Newborn Mouse ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Induced Differentiation ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Old Mice

Electron microscopic observations on normally differentiating and α-MSH (melanocytestimulating hormone)-treated epidermal melanocytes of newborn mouse skin were carried out. The process of melanocyte differentiation from premelanosome-containing melanoblasts was investigated in detail with respect to melanosomes as markers. Melanoblasts containing unmelanized premelanosomes gradually decreased in number after birth, while the number of melanocytes rapidly increased. The epidermis of α-MSH-treated 3-day-old mice and normal 6-day-old mice contained melanocytes with numerous fully melanized melanosomes, and with no or only a few melanoblasts. Changes in other organelles in differentiating melanocytes were also noticeable. Golgi apparatus and RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) decreased in number during the normal or α-MSH-induced differentiation of the epidermal melanocytes, though the number of mitochondria showed no notable change. The number of SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) per cell did not change in the cells of newborn mice, while in α-MSH-treated cells the number increased significantly. These results led us to an assumption that Golgi apparatus or RER transforms into other forms of organelles including melanosomes and SER during the differentiation of melanocytes.

Hepatic Ultrastructure Changes Induced by Lithocholic Acid

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 162-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Addition of lithocholic acid (LCA), a naturally occurring bile acid in mammals, to a low protein diet fed to rats induced marked inflammatory reaction in the hepatic cells followed by hydropic degeneration and ductular cell proliferation. These changes were accompanied by dilatation and hyperplasia of the common bile duct and formation of “gallstones”. All these changes were reversible when LCA was withdrawn from the low protein diet except for the hardened gallstones which persisted.Electron microscopic studies revealed marked alterations in the hepatic cells. Early changes included disorganization, fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and detachment of its ribosomes. Free ribosomes, either singly or arranged in small clusters were frequently seen in most of the hepatic cells. Vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was often encountered as early as one week after the administration of LCA (Fig. 1).

Spermatogenesis in the Dragonfly with Particular Reference to the Cytoplasmic Organelles

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sant S. Sekhon
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Mature Sperm ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytoplasmic Organelles ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Insect Sperm ◽  
Large Round

Although there have been numerous studies concerning the morphogenetic changes accompanying the maturation of insect sperm, only a few deal with the sperm differentiation in the dragonflies. In two recent electron microscopic studies Kessel, has comprehensively treated the erlationship of microtubules to the nucleus and mid-piece structures during spermiogenesis in the dragonfly. The purpose of this study is to follow the sequential nuclear and cytoplasmic changes which accompany the differentiation of spermatogonium into a mature sperm during spermatogenesis in the dragonfly (Aeschna sp.).The dragonfly spermatogonia are characterized by large round nuclei. Loosely organized chromatin is usually unevenly distributed within the spermatogonial nuclei. The scant cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus contains mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, elements of endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes (Fig. 1).

scholarly journals STUDIES ON MICROPEROXISOMES II. A CYTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1006-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEX B. NOVIKOFF ◽  
PHYLLIS M. NOVIKOFF ◽  
CLEVELAND DAVIS ◽  
NELSON QUINTANA
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Distal Tubule ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pig Kidney

A modification of the Novikoff-Goldfischer alkaline 3,3'-diaminobenzidine medium for visualizing peroxisomes is described. It makes possible light microscopic as well as electron microscopic studies of a recently described class of peroxisomes, the microperoxisomes. Potassium cyanide (5 x 10–3 M) is included in the medium to inhibit mitochondrial staining, the pH is 9.7 and there is a high concentration of H2O2 (0.05%). Two cell types have been chosen to illustrate the advantages of the new procedure for demonstrating the microperoxisomes: the absorptive cells in the human jejunum and the distal tubule cells in the guinea pig kidney. Suggestive relations of microperoxisomes and lipid are described in the human jejunum. The microperoxisomes are strategically located between smooth endoplasmic reticulum that radiates toward the organelles and contains lipid droplets and "central domains" of highly specialized endoplasmic reticulum which do not show the lipid droplets. The microperoxisomes are also present at the periphery of large lipid-like drops. In the guinea pig kidney tubule there is a striking difference between the thick limb of Henle and distal tubule. The distal tubule has a population of cells with large numbers of microperoxisomes readily visible by light microscopy; these cells are not present in the thick limb of Henle. Other differences between the two are also described.

Liver Ultrastructural Pathology in Cocaine Users

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
H.J. Finol ◽  
D.D. Mondragón ◽  
Y.M. González ◽  
C. Paradisi ◽  
N. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Electron Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ultrastructural Pathology ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Cocaine Users

Although liver function tests could be abnormal in humans taking cocaine the histopathological basis for this disorder has not been well established. Light microscopic studies have shown the existence of peripheral, centrilobular or diffuse necrosis. The only electron microscopic investigation we could find reports hepatocyte alterations including dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and existence of phagolysosomes. In this work we report the liver ultrastructural pathology in chronic cocaine users.Liver biopsies were obtained in five male patients, 25-44 years old. These patients had consumed cocaine and other drugs (marihuana, alcohol, amphetamines, etc..) for 7-30 years. All of them had altered liver function tests. Tissue samples were processed with routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.Abnormalities observed included those previously reported as swollen rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, presence of autophagic vacuoles and lipid deposition.

scholarly journals CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TWO FUNCTIONAL HEPATOMAS

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Essner ◽  
Alex B. Novikoff
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Golgi Membranes

The Reuber hepatoma H-35 and Morris hepatoma 5123 have been studied by electron microscopy and by cytochemical staining methods for a number of phosphatases. These studies emphasize the resemblances of the two tumors to rat liver, but they also indicate distinctive features in each of the three tissues. Secretory product accumulates within the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus that dilate to form the Golgi vacuoles. The vacuoles apparently separate, and secretory material undergoes further condensation within them. These "secretory vacuoles" possess acid phosphatase activity and may thus be considered lysosomes. The membranes of the Golgi apparatus are without acid phosphatase activity but show high levels of thiaminepyrophosphatase activity. The endoplasmic reticulum also hydrolyzes thiaminepyrophosphate but at a lower rate; it hydrolyzes the diphosphates of uridine, guanosine, and inosine rapidly. These observations and the electron microscopic images are consistent with the view that the cytomembranes are in a dynamic state of flux, movement, and transformation in the living cell, and that smooth surfaced derivatives of the endoplasmic reticulum become refashioned into the Golgi membranes as the Golgi membranes are being refashioned into those that delimit secretory vacuoles. The variations encountered in the two hepatomas are described. The electron microscope literature dealing with the relations of the Golgi apparatus to secretory granules, on the one hand, and the endoplasmic reticulum, on the other, is reviewed briefly.

scholarly journals The neuronal endoplasmic reticulum: its cytochemistry and contribution to the endomembrane system. I. Cell bodies and dendrites.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1077-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Broadwell ◽  
A M Cataldo
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endomembrane System ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
G6pase Activity ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Intracellular Compartments

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its contribution to the endomembrane system (i.e., membranes of cell organelles) in the neuron have been investigated in brains of mice by applying electron microscopic enzyme cytochemistry for demonstration of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. The phosphohydrolytic activity of G6Pase is a well-known cytochemical marker for the ER in numerous cell types. Of the different substrates employed, glucose-6-phosphate and mannose-6-phosphate were the only two with which G6Pase reaction product was seen in the neuronal ER and organelles related morphologically to the ER. G6Pase activity in cell bodies and dendrites was localized consistently within the lumen of the nuclear envelope, rough and smooth ER, lamellar bodies, hypolemmal and subsurface cisternae, and frequently in the cis saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The G6Pase reactive ER appeared as a network of saccules and tubules pervading the cell body and its dendrites. Possible membrane continuities were identified between the ER and the other reactive structures, including the cis half of the Golgi apparatus. Neither G6Pase activity nor reactive ER was associated with the trans Golgi saccules or GERL. G6Pase activity thus serves as a reliable marker for the perikaryal and dendritic ER and related structures. These observations support the theory that the ER is an integral component of the neuronal endomembrane system associated with the transfer of membrane or membrane molecules among intracellular compartments, the packaging and transport of exportable protein, and energy metabolism. G6Pase activity in the ER of axons and terminals is considered in detail in part two of this study.

scholarly journals ALTERATIONS OF HEPATIC ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN PORPHYRIC RATS

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZOLTAN POSALAKI ◽  
TIBOR BARKA
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscopic

The alterations of hepatic microsomal fractions were studied in fasting rats given porphyrogenic doses of allylisopropylacetamide. A single dose of allylisopropylacetamide caused significant enlargement of the liver within 14 hr and in 24 hr the liver was about 49% heavier. Microsomal phospholipids of liver more than doubled in 48 hr after the administration of allylisopropylacetamide. This increase was accounted for principally by an increase in phospholipids of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Incorporation of 32P indi cated that the increase in microsomal phospholipids was caused mainly by a reduction of the rate of catabolism rather than by an augmentation of the rate of synthesis. Electron microscopic observations in agreement with the fractionation studies revealed a hypertrophy of the smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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