Patterns of Inheritance in Neurogenetic Disease

The human genome consists of approximately 22,000 genes that are encoded within the nuclear DNA and embedded in the chromosome. Mitochondria are the only cytoplasmic organelles that have their own DNA. Nuclear gene disorders and mitochondrial inheritance are discussed in this chapter. Nuclear gene disorders follow the patterns of inheritance originally described by Gregor Mendel. They often are referred to as single-gene disorders because 1 or more alleles of only 1 locus are the major determinants of phenotype.

Some aspects of the use of oral contraceptives as growth-promoting agents in poultry

There are now several hormone and hormone-like agents that can improve the rate of growth and efficiency of feed use of farm animals. Feeding chickens with oral contraceptive steroids at the dose used by some poultry growers in Egypt has led to the formation of high estrogen residues in the muscles and the liver compared with controls. Electron microscopy of the livers of treated chickens revealed changes at the ultrastructural level. These alterations involve both the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, and are similar to those induced by 7, 12 dimethylbenz [a] anthracene in chickens. It is concluded that the use of oral contraceptive steroids in chickens as anabolic agent is a specific risk to chickens and probably to the consumer

They Might Cut It—Lysosomes and Autophagy in Mitotic Progression

The division of one cell into two looks so easy, as if it happens without any control at all. Mitosis, the hallmark of mammalian life is, however, tightly regulated from the early onset to the very last phase. Despite the tight control, errors in mitotic division occur frequently and they may result in various chromosomal instabilities and malignancies. The flow of events during mitotic progression where the chromosomes condensate and rearrange with the help of the cytoskeletal network has been described in great detail. Plasma membrane dynamics and endocytic vesicle movement upon deadhesion and reattachment of dividing cells are also demonstrated to be functionally important for the mitotic integrity. Other cytoplasmic organelles, such as autophagosomes and lysosomes, have until recently been considered merely as passive bystanders in this process. Accordingly, at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown in prometaphase, the number of autophagic structures and lysosomes is reduced and the bulk autophagic machinery is suppressed for the duration of mitosis. This is believed to ensure that the exposed nuclear components are not unintentionally delivered to autophagic degradation. With the evolving technologies that allow the detection of subtle alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, our understanding of the small-scale regulation of intracellular organelles has deepened rapidly and we discuss here recent discoveries revealing unexpected roles for autophagy and lysosomes in the preservation of genomic integrity during mitosis.

PENGARUH TETUA BETINA PADA BEBERAPA KARAKTER TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea Mays L)

ABSTRACTCorn plants are one of the most important food crops after rice and wheat. To get high corn production factors that can affect one of them is the use of high yielding varieties. In superior varieties there are genes that can make plant growth and production be higher than other varieties. In plant breeding programs to obtain a superior variety, it is necessary to know important information about the influence of the female parent. In general, some characters are controlled by genes in the nucleus, but there are some characters that are controlled by genes in cytoplasmic organelles. The characters controlled by genes in cytoplasmic organelles can be identified by reciprocal crossing. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Borneo Tarakan has a collection of S4 corn (selfing 4) that can be used as genetic material in plant breeding programs. Therefore, research needs to be done to find out the important characters that are controlled by genes outside the nucleus or the influence of female elders. the second results of crossing of maize plants (G2G1 and G4G3 with each reciprocal) showed that in vegetative and generative parameters there were female elders. In the same vegetative character in the two crossing of maize plants which showed the presence of female elders namely plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Whereas the same generative characters are the age of flowering females, the number of cob, the location of the cobs, the length of the cobs, the weight of the cobs, the weight of 100 seeds and the weight of the seeds per cob. In addition, it is known that corn plant genotypes show higher F1 mean results as female parents in maize crop crossing on several yield characters (generative), namely genotypes G2 and G4.Keywords: Cytoplasmic Genes, Corn, Effect of Female Elders, Reciprocal Crosses ABSTRAK Tanaman jagung merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan yang terpenting setelah padi dan gandum.. Untuk mendapatkan produksi jagung yang tinggi faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi salah satunya adalah penggunaan varietas unggul. Pada varietas unggul terdapat gen yang dapat membuat pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman menjadi lebih tinggi dari varietas yang lain. Dalam program pemuliaan tanaman untuk mendapatkan suatu varietas yang unggul perlu mengeketahui informasi penting tentang pengaruh tetua betina. Pada umumnya beberapa karakter dikendalikan oleh gen dalam kromosan inti, akan tetapi terdapat beberapa karakter yang dikendalikan oleh gen yang ada di organel sitoplasma. Karakter yang dikendalikan oleh gen di organel sitoplasma dapat diketahui dengan melakukan persilangan resiprokal. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Borneo Tarakan memiliki koleksi jagung S4 (selfing ke 4) yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan genetik dalam upaya program pemuliaan tanaman. Maka dari itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakter-karakter penting yang dikendalikan oleh gen di luar inti atau pengaruh tetua betina. hasil kedua persilangan tanaman jagung (G2G1 dan G4G3 dengan masing – masing resiproknya) menunjukkan pada parameter vegetatif dan generatif terdapat adanya tetua betina. Pada karakter vegetatif yang sama pada kedua persilangan tanaman jagungyang menunjukkan adanya tetua betina yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan diameter batang. Sedangkan pada karakter generatif yang sama yaitu umur berbunga betina, jumlah tongkol, letak tongkol, panjang tongkol, berat tongkol, berat 100 biji dan berat biji per tongkol. Selain itu, diketahui genotipe tanaman jagung yang menunjukkan hasil nilai rerata F1 yang lebih tinggi sebagai tetua betina pada persilangan tanaman jagung pada beberapa karakter hasil (generatif) yaitu genotipe G2 dan G4. Kata kunci : Gen Sitoplasma, Jagung, Pengaruh Tetua Betina, Persilangan Resiprok

Connexin/Innexin Channels in Cytoplasmic Organelles. Are There Intracellular Gap Junctions? A Hypothesis!

This paper proposes the hypothesis that cytoplasmic organelles directly interact with each other and with gap junctions forming intracellular junctions. This hypothesis originated over four decades ago based on the observation that vesicles lining gap junctions of crayfish giant axons contain electron-opaque particles, similar in size to junctional innexons that often appear to directly interact with junctional innexons; similar particles were seen also in the outer membrane of crayfish mitochondria. Indeed, vertebrate connexins assembled into hexameric connexons are present not only in the membranes of the Golgi apparatus but also in those of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. It seems possible, therefore, that cytoplasmic organelles may be able to exchange small molecules with each other as well as with organelles of coupled cells via gap junctions.