scholarly journals Histochemical and Autoradiographic Studies on the Effects of Aging on the Mucopolysaccharides of the Periosteum

1959 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar A. Tonna ◽  
Eugene P. Cronkite
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Neutral Type ◽  
Autoradiographic Study ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Schiff Reaction ◽  
Effects Of Aging

An autoradiographic study was made using S35-sulfate for the localization, distribution, and variation in the mucopolysaccharide content of the femoral periosteum of rats from birth to old age. The mucopolysaccharides were also studied histochemically, using toluidine blue O, Rinehart and Abu'l-Haj's colloidal iron method, and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, before and after hyaluronidase treatment. Autoradiograms revealed the uptake of S35 particularly in the vicinity of the preosseous zone and adjacent osteoblasts. This labelling was highest at the period of rapid bone growth. With increasing age, the S35 uptake became progressively less. The preosseous zone showed γ-metachromatic staining at all ages after treatment with toluidine blue. Active osteoblasts were mostly orthochromatic, however, ß-metachromasia was exhibited at a later age. Abundant amounts of intra- and extracellular mucopolysaccharides of both the acid and neutral type were demonstrated in the periosteum. S35 uptake and γ-metachromasia show the presence of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, of which chondroitin sulfate predominates in the preosseous zone. Since S35 uptake is high in active osteoblasts, the inability to demonstrate metachromasia in osteoblasts may indicate either that chondroitin sulfate is liberated as fast as it is being produced, or that it may be present within the cells in a precursor form not detectable by histochemical methods.

scholarly journals METACHROMASIA INHIBITING COMPONENTS IN AMYLOID

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
BØRGE LARSEN
Keyword(s):  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Methyl Violet ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Tissue Sections

I): The degree of inhibitory effect of serum proteins and a periodic acid Schiff-positive amyloid fraction on metachromasia resulting from a metachromatic amyloid fraction was studied and compared to the metachromatic potency of chondroitin sulfate exposed to the same type of inhibition. The metachromatic properties of chondroitin sulfate were close to those of the metachromatic amyloid fraction. II): In comparing the metachromasia obtained with toluidine blue and methyl violet, it was noted that on incubation with the periodic acid Schiff-positive amyloid fraction, amyloid metachromosia after methyl violet staining was inhibited less than after toluidine blue staining. III): It is emphasized that a competition between dye and proteins occurs in metachromatic staining reactions. IV): Inhibition of amyloid metachromasia in histological tissue sections could not be demonstrated with the techniques used.

scholarly journals Mucinous Degeneration of the Epithelium of the Urinary Tract of Swine

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Brobst ◽  
R. Cottrell ◽  
A. Delez
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Degenerative Change ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
Transitional Cells ◽  
Suppurative Arthritis

Mucinous degenerative change was observed in the epithelial cells lining the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder of pigs with exudative epidermitis, coliform enteritis, hog cholera, and suppurative arthritis. Mucins were observed within transitional cells either as granular or homogenous material within vacuoles. Lakes filled with mucins also were formed as a result of the coalescence of mucin from degenerating transitional cells. The cells and lakes of mucin were stained selectively by periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, and colloidal iron. On the basis of the reactivity patterns with these stains the transitional epithelial cells were considered capable of producing acidic and neutral mucins.

scholarly journals Effect of activity on performance and morphology in ischaemic rat slow muscles

1990 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-279
Author(s):  
A. Corsi ◽  
A. L. Granata ◽  
O. Hudlicka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
Schiff Reaction

Muscle performance and structure was studied in rat soleus muscle with limited blood supply in combination with chronic muscle stimulation. Blood supply to the lower leg was restricted by ligation of the common iliac artery, electrodes were implanted in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve and ankle flexors were denervated. Three days later, soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated at 4 Hz four times a day for a period of 20 min with 2 h intervals between stimulations; this procedure was continued for 4 days. Muscle performance, histochemistry and ultrastructure were studied on the eighth day after operation in these muscles and in ischaemic unstimulated muscles with denervated ankle flexors. Both were compared with control animals. Muscles with limited blood supply developed less isometric twitch tension than control muscles (peak twitch tension in ischaemic muscle was 60.3 +/− 4.8 g g-1 muscle, mean +/− S.E.M., compared to 79.7 +/− 6.9 g g-1 in control muscle; tensions after 5 min contraction were 54.5 +/− 5.5 g g-1 in ischaemic muscle compared to 70.6 +/− 6 g g-1 in controls). Stimulated muscles with limited blood supply had higher peak (85 +/− 16.6 g g-1) and final (87 +/− 12 g g-1) tensions, and also fatigued less than muscles with limited blood supply but no stimulation. Histochemical estimation of capillary density (by staining for alkaline phosphatase) and slow (SO) and fast (FOG) fibres (by myosin ATPase staining) revealed similar capillary to fibre ratios (2.5) and a similar proportion of FOG fibres (around 18%) in all muscles. The proportion of glycogen-depleted fibres (estimated from the periodic acid Schiff reaction, PAS) in muscles removed from animals 10 min after a 5 min period of isometric twitches was significantly lower in ischaemic muscles (45.1 +/− 1.9%) than in control (80.5 +/− 1.5%) or chronically stimulated ischaemic muscles (67.3 +/− 4.0%). Electron microscopy showed disorganised myofibrils with Z-line streaming in 7.48 +/− 3.04% of fibres in muscles with limited blood supply. Swollen and degenerated mitochondria, dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and areas of disrupted sarcolemma were also observed. Stimulated ligated muscles showed a significantly lower proportion of fibres with disorganised filaments (0.65 +/− 0.32%) and other signs of damage were much less frequent. The reduced damage and improved performance of chronically stimulated slow muscle may be the result of improved microcirculation, preventing accumulation of lactate.

scholarly journals Activation and activity of glycosylated KLKs 3, 4 and 11

2018 ◽  
Vol 399 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihui Guo ◽  
Peter Briza ◽  
Viktor Magdolen ◽  
Hans Brandstetter ◽  
Peter Goettig
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Function ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Secretory Expression ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Schiff Reaction

Abstract Human kallikrein-related peptidases 3, 4, 11, and KLK2, the activator of KLK3/PSA, belong to the prostatic group of the KLKs, whose major physiological function is semen liquefaction during the fertilization process. Notably, these KLKs are upregulated in prostate cancer and are used as clinical biomarkers or have been proposed as therapeutic targets. However, this potential awaits a detailed characterization of these proteases. In order to study glycosylated prostatic KLKs resembling the natural proteases, we used Leishmania (LEXSY) and HEK293 cells for secretory expression. Both systems allowed the subsequent purification of soluble pro-KLK zymogens with correct propeptides and of the mature forms. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction, enzymatic deglycosylation assays, and mass spectrometry confirmed the glycosylation of these KLKs. Activation of glycosylated pro-KLKs 4 and 11 turned out to be most efficient by glycosylated KLK2 and KLK4, respectively. By comparing the glycosylated prostatic KLKs with their non-glycosylated counterparts from Escherichia coli, it was observed that the N-glycans stabilize the KLK proteases and change their activation profiles and their enzymatic activity to some extent. The functional role of glycosylation in prostate-specific KLKs could pave the way to a deeper understanding of their biology and to medical applications.

scholarly journals THE HISTOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE COMPLEX RESULTS OF METHYLATION UPON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT MUCINS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF REACTIVITY

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 986-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. REID ◽  
C. F. A. CULLING ◽  
W. L. DUNN
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Sulfate Ester ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Smith Degradation ◽  
Vicinal Diol ◽  
Schiff Reaction

The histochemical use of methylation has complex results; particularly in respect of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, these are analyzed and discussed. Methods are described which allow the separate study of the following effects: (a) the removal of the KOH/periodic acid-Schiff effect; (b) removal of sialic acid from a potential vicinal diol; and (c) the removal of O-sulfate ester from a potential vicinal diol. The use of the Smith degradation technique, in addition to the above, also allows inferences to be drawn in respect of the structure of the mucins (glycoproteins) being investigated.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DIGESTION WITH STREPTOMYCES HYALURONIDASE UPON CERTAIN HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYALURONIC ACID-CONTAINING TISSUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 794-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZUYORI YAMADA
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
High Iron ◽  
Azure A ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Testicular Hyaluronidase

The effect of digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase upon certain histochemical reactions of hyaluronic acid-containing tissues has been studied in a series of human, mammalian and avian specimens. These histochemical reactions are those for the demonstration of neutral and sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucosaccharides such as periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue (pH 1.0), azure A (pH 1.5), high iron diamine, aldehyde fuchsin, Alcian Blue (pH 2.5), Alcian Blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid Schiff, azure A (pH 4.5), low iron diamine and colloidal iron. In addition, the effect of digestion with testicular hyaluronidase upon the same reactions of the same tissues was observed for comparison. Digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase diminishes the staining reactions due to hyaluronic acid but fails to affect those for neutral and sulfated acid mucosaccharides. These results indicate that digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase is a method of choice for the identification of hyaluronic acid in mucosaccharide histochemistry.

scholarly journals Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with unusual cytoplasmic granulation: a morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural study

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Fradera ◽  
E Velez-Garcia ◽  
JG White
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Blast Cells ◽  
Chediak Higashi Syndrome ◽  
Schiff Reaction

Abstract The classification of the acute leukemias depends mainly on the morphologic and cytochemical evaluation of the blast forms. One of the main accepted morphologic criteria in the differentiation between acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is the absence of granules in the blast cells of ALL. We evaluated a patient with ALL in whom granules were present in the cytoplasm of 35% of the blast cells, as seen in AML. Cytochemical evaluation was performed, including periodic acid-Schiff reaction, Sudan black B, alpha-naphthyl acetate, alpha-naphthyl butyrate, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate, and acid phosphatase stains. The results of these studies confirmed the morphologic impression and diagnosis of ALL. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed that the granules consisted of many tiny vesicles closely packed together in a proteinaceous matrix, resembling to some extent the inclusions described in lymphocytes in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, but clearly different. The morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies of this unique case are presented in detail. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such granules have been described in blast cells of ALL.

The periodic acid-Schiff reaction in the cornea of the developing chick

1960 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan O'Rahilly ◽  
David B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Schiff Reaction

scholarly journals A VERTICAL MICROSYSTEM FOR DISCONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS OF INSECT TISSUE PROTEINS USING THIN SHEETS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 368-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA C. BEEN ◽  
ELLEN M. RASCH
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Schiff Reaction ◽  
Coomassie Brilliant ◽  
Nonspecific Esterases

Proteins extracted from individual pairs of salivary glands or other larval tissues of Sciara coprophila (Diptera) were separated in a vertical microsystem for discontinuous electrophoresis using thin sheets of polyacrylamide gel cast in multiple layers of varying pore size. After electrophoresis at 150 volts for 40 min, gels were stained ( a) for total proteins with Coomassie brilliant blue, ( b) for glycoproteins with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, ( c) for lipoproteins with Sudan black B or ( d) for nonspecific esterases with fast blue RR as coupler and α-naphthol acetate as substrate. Sequential application of these reactions to individual gel sectors permitted direct comparisons of protein profiles for 15-20 different samples of tissue extracts carried on a single gel sheet in adjacent lanes and thus subjected to identical conditions of electrophoresis. Representative photographs and densitometric scans are presented to show the suitability of thin gel sheets for autoradiography and for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of tissue-specific differences in patterns of protein banding found for salivary gland cells, the gastric ceca, or the hemolymph of individual Sciara larvae sacrificed at particular stages of fourth instar development. Innovative details of methodology are presented, including the use of a microspectrophotometer to scan electropherograms of insect proteins and several types of human blood serum.

scholarly journals Podoendin. A new cell surface protein of the podocyte and endothelium.

1985 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
T W Huang ◽  
J C Langlois
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Cell Surface Protein ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

A new cell surface protein, podoendin, has been identified in Sprague-Dawley rats, and isolated using monoclonal antibody (mAb) G4. The distribution of podoendin is restricted to the surface of glomerular podocytes, urinary surface of the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule, and the luminal surface of endothelial cells. The antibody does not crossreact with podocytes or endothelia of human or mice. In newborn rats, the appearance of podoendin on glomerular epithelium is attendant on podocyte differentiation during glomerulogenesis of metanephrogenic vesicles. It disappears when podocytes retract and efface foot processes in tissue culture. Thus, podoendin appears to be a cell differentiation-dependent surface protein of podocytes. Podoendin is a protein of 62 kD mobility on 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It stains intensely with Coomassie blue, but gives negative reactions to carbohydrate (periodic acid/Schiff reaction) and polyanions (alcian blue, colloidal iron, and carbocyanine). It is distinct from the major sialoglycoprotein of podocyte fuzzy coat, podocalyxin (11). Podoendin isolated and purified from endothelium of lungs appears to be identical with that from podocytes and endothelium of kidneys. Injection of mAb G4 into left ventricle of rats resulted in intense decoration of the endothelium and podocyte surface within 30 min. The decoration persisted throughout the 3-d period of observation. This was not accompanied by complement (C3) fixation. Preliminary results showed that the rats developed moderate proteinuria (100 mg/ml protein in urine), which was associated with the presence of hyaline droplets in renal tubules, on the third day. The proteinuria was not accompanied by effacement of podocyte pedicels. There were no morphologic alterations indicating glomerular or vascular injury in the kidneys.

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