scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS: THE VASCULAR REACTIONS AND THE ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Pearce ◽  
Miner C. Hill ◽  
Arthur B. Eisenbrey
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Corrosive Sublimate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vascular Type ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Experimental Nephritis ◽  
Physiological Tests

By combining physiological and anatomical methods in the study of experimental nephritis it is possible to distinguish types of nephritis in which either tubular or vascular changes predominate, and are essentially characteristic of the lesion produced, but it is not possible to say that a given poison produces exclusively tubular or exclusively vascular lesions. The so-called epithelial poisons (potassium chromate, uranium nitrate and corrosive sublimate) present anatomical evidence of extensive tubular injury, and in the early stages show, on physiological study, no evidence of vascular injury other than exaggerated contraction and dilatation of the vessels and increased diuresis. On the other hand, the vascular poisons, arsenic and cantharidin, which produce but little injury to the tubules, tend to cause anuria and are characterized by minimal contraction and dilatation of the vessels and little or no flow of urine. From the physiological point of view these two types may be, for practical purposes, considered as examples of tubular and vascular nephritis. They are not, however, pure types; for the increased diuresis of the early tubular type is in itself evidence of vessel irritability and similar to the increased irritability caused by small doses of vascular poisons, and on the other hand, this essentially vascular lesion is accompanied by slight morphological changes in the tubular epithelium. Furthermore, the tubular lesions of chromium and uranium and corrosive sublimate pass into a stage closely resembling the vascular type, if not identical with it. Two forms of late tubular nephritis may be recognized. One of these, the anuric form, is accompanied by severe gastro-intestinal disturbance and evidence of approaching anuria; physiological tests show diminished power of dilatation of the vessels and corresponding inhibition of diuresis. The second form, the polyuric, is characterized by a condition of polyuria up to the moment of anesthesia; physiological tests show that the power of dilatation is retained, but little or no diuresis occurs. Whether the vascular incompetency of the anuric form of late tubular lesions is a natural consequence of the vessel irritability seen in the early stages or is the result of the elimination of secondary poisons through the glomeruli cannot be absolutely determined. The peculiar impermeability of the glomerulus following anesthetization in the polyuric form, which is essentially a stage of recovery, we hope to explain by investigations now in progress. Studies of the elimination of nitrogen show that in tubular nephritis, as represented by uranium nephritis, the output of nitrogen is considerably diminished. This apparently occurs also in chromate nephritis but is not clearly demonstrated. In both forms the onset of gastro-intestinal disturbances appears to bear a definite relation to the retention of nitrogen. On the other hand, as the nitrogen of the feces is not appreciably altered, these disturbances cannot be explained by the elimination through the intestine of toxic bodies of nitrogenous nature. The nitrogen elimination in the urine in vascular nephritis as represented by arsenic nephritis is not only not diminished but is greatly increased as the result of the increased metabolism caused by arsenic. If at the height of this increased elimination, uranium nitrate is administered, the nitrogen output is markedly diminished. These observations demonstrate that not only are the tubular lesions in arsenic nephritis of little moment, but also that serious injury of the epithelium, as that due to uranium, may cause a temporary nitrogen retention. A consideration of all the facts here presented allows us to conclude that although it is not possible to demonstrate that an experimental nephritis may be purely tubular or purely vascular, which is in accord with our clinical and pathological studies of human material, it is possible, if we combine the results of anatomical, physiological and chemical study, to recognize lesions which are predominantly tubular or vascular, or which change rather sharply from one to the other type, and are, therefore, of great value in the study of the problems of nephritis.

Comparative leaf development of aerial and aquatic growth forms of Myriophyllum aquaticum

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Shafiullah ◽  
Christian R. Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Myriophyllum Aquaticum ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. produces two morphologically different forms of leaves based on whether they are aerial or aquatic. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are any similarities or differences between these two growth forms during their early stages of development. A comparative developmental study of aerial and aquatic growth forms of M. aquaticum was conducted from a qualitative and quantitative perspective using a scanning electron microscope. The pattern of leaf and lobe initiation such as their origin and shape were similar in both growth forms until the fourth plastochron (stage P4). Differences between the two growth forms became evident from stage P5 onward, where a larger shoot apical meristem (SAM), elongated epidermal cells, shorter and slightly more numerous lobes, as well as the presence of appendage-like structures characterized aquatic growth forms. On the other hand, aerial growth forms had smaller SAM, bulb-like epidermal cells, and longer and slightly less numerous leaf lobes. Significant differences between growth forms were noted for parameters such as volume of SAM, length of terminal, first, and middle lobes, as well as the length from first to last lobes. The volume of the SAM of aquatic shoot tips was always greater than aerial forms. On the other hand, lobes of aerial forms were always longer than the aquatic counterpart during early stages of development. This study on the development of M. aquaticum shows that the aerial and aquatic growth forms diverge from their early stages of development.

scholarly journals Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick De Deckker ◽  
Koen Martens
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Valve ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Valve Morphology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Juvenile Stages

Ostracods belonging to the genus Bennelongia differ much in valve morphology between adults and juveniles. Adult valves are asymmetrical, characterised by a beak-like feature in the antero-ventral region of the left valve, and, with some notable exceptions, mostly have smooth or weakly-ornamented valves. Juvenile specimens, on the other hand, have valves that are almost symmetrical, with no beak-like feature and are often heavily ornamented.We have examined the last 3 - 4 juvenile stages of 6 Bennelongia species from 5 different lineages, in order to decipher the types of external valve ornamentation and their recurrences during ontogeny and across lineages. It is clear that ornamentation is more prevalent at the early instar stages compared to the last 2 pre-adult stages, and especially when compared to the adult stage itself.We also examined the surprising presence of a calcified inner lamella with a prominent inner list in the pre-adult stages of Bennelongia species, that is usually absent in juveniles of other ostracods, thus questioning if heterochronic processes have provided an intermediate valve morphology between the simple (normal) cypridinid juvenile state and the heavily derived and modified state of adult Bennelongia.We discuss the possible (speculative) functionality of the ornamentation in juveniles.

scholarly journals II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 6.—Remains of the Archaic Greek Period

1906 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 318-330
Author(s):  
R. M. Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Original Condition ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chief Interest ◽  
Striking Contrast ◽  
Votive Offerings

The archaic remains, which the trial trenches have revealed at a level beneath the Roman building and temple described above, present in one respect a striking contrast. Except inscriptions, the later buildings have not yielded many small objects: their importance lies in their architectural arrangement and purpose. In the archaic stratum on the other hand, although some architectural fragments have already been found, and more are expected, the chief interest centres in the wonderful wealth of small objects, doubtless votive offerings, and the light they throw on the early stages of art in Sparta. Before our work this year, this deposit was accessible only from the side of the river, where erosion has produced a section of all the strata from the present surface down to virgin soil. This face, shewn in Fig. 1, p. 319, in its original condition before excavation, we have protected with a wall, to guard the site from the destructive effect of the floods to which the Eurotas is liable, the lowest remains being hardly higher than the level of the bed of the river. Work was begun at this naturally exposed face, where the lead figurines now in the Sparta Museum were found, which gave the first clue to the site, and the number of archaic objects unearthed in the first few hours immediately revealed its extraordinary richness.

About morphological changes in the kidney in children with infections and some other diseases

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Renal Changes ◽  
The One

The issue of pathological and histological changes in the kidneys in children with various infections and other diseases cannot be considered sufficiently researched and worked out. Only in certain infections (scarlet fever) has much attention been paid to the study of the kidneys. Most of the works on the issue of interest to us date back to the time when, on the one hand, insufficient importance was attached to the early dissection of corpses and the freshness of the material, which, as is now known, is of particular importance for the histology of the kidney, on the other hand, such interpretation of the detected changes, which do not correspond to the views and concepts of modern nephropathology; Finally, those changes in views on some diseases that have occurred to date, for example, in the issue of disorders of digestion and nutrition in infants, dictate the need for a different approach to the study of renal changes in these diseases.

scholarly journals Demonstration of chromatinic structures in avian tubercle bacilli in the early stages of development

1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Brieger ◽  
C. F. Robinow
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Early Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feulgen Reaction ◽  
Cytological Investigation ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Masses

In a cytological investigation of three branching and two non-branching strains grown on Loewenstein medium, it was found that avian tubercle bacilli contain chromatinic material which gives a positive Feulgen reaction and is readily stainable with Giemsa's solution after treatment of the fixed bacteria with hydrochloric acid.Growing filamentous forms of both ‘bacterial’ and ‘mycelial’ strains from 1 to 2 day old cultures contain variable numbers of irregularly spaced, more or less spherical chromatinic bodies which vary in staining in the same bacillus, some being red, others purple. During the third or fourth day the chromatinic material in the bacteria increases very much until most of it is fused into an almost homogeneous deeply stained column. In thenon-branchingstrains the filamentous forms with high chromatin content soon break up into small mono-or binucleate elements, and the same holds true for the ‘straight’ filamentous forms which are also present in cultures of branching strains. The ‘mycelial’ forms, on the other hand, disintegrate at this time (fourth or fifth day of cultivation), and it is uncertain whether they contribute (by partial fragmentation) to the masses of small mono- or binucleate forms which are the predominant element in old cultures of all the strains investigated.The chromatinic structures of avian tubercle bacilli have the same staining properties as those of ordinary non-acid-fast bacteria but differ from them in their behaviour during the early development of the bacilli.

On the dangers of caesarian section

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1185-1185
Author(s):  
V. Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
Caesarian Section ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obstetric Practice ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Term Births

It is well known that this operation has recently become extremely widespread in obstetric practice. It is used to empty the uterus not only in term births, but also in the early stages of pregnancy. The negligible primary mortality after this operation in the hands of modern obstetricians partly justifies its enthusiasm; on the other hand, however, it should not be forgotten that it sometimes creates such changes in the uterus that threaten serious danger in subsequent pregnancy.

scholarly journals N400 Evidence That the Early Stages of Lexical Access Ignore Knowledge About Phonological Alternations

2021 ◽  
pp. 002383092110200
Author(s):  
Stephen Politzer-Ahles ◽  
Jueyao Lin ◽  
Lei Pan ◽  
Ka Keung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Total N ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Potential Component

Hearing a word that was already expected often facilitates comprehension, attenuating the amplitude of the N400 event-related brain potential component. On the other hand, hearing a word that was not expected elicits a larger N400. In the present study, we examined whether the N400 would be attenuated when a person hears something that is not exactly what they expected but is a viable alternative pronunciation of the morpheme they expected. This was done using Mandarin syllables, some of which can be pronounced with different lexical tones depending on the context. In two large-sample experiments (total n = 160) testing syllables in isolation and in phonologically viable contexts, we found little evidence that hearing an alternative pronunciation of the expected word attenuates the N400. These results suggest that comprehenders do not take advantage of their knowledge about systematic phonological alternations during the early stages of prediction or discrimination.

scholarly journals Doxazosin and Carvedilol Treatment Improves Hepatic Regeneration in a Hamster Model of Cirrhosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Alejandra Serna-Salas ◽  
Yesenia Danyeli Navarro-González ◽  
Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Luis Fernando Barba-Gallardo ◽  
Esperanza Sánchez-Alemán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Hepatic Regeneration ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Other Hand

Regulation of the mechanisms of fibrosis is an important goal in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. One mechanism is the participation of hepatic stellate cells in fibrogenesis when activated by catecholamines. Consequently, α/β adrenoblockers are proposed as an alternative treatment for chronic liver lesions such as fibrosis and/or cirrhosis and for possible liver regeneration. We herein analyzed the effect of doxazosin and carvedilol treatments during the regeneration of tissue in a hamster model of liver cirrhosis. Tissue samples were examined by H&E and PAS to evaluate tissue damage and with Sirius red to assess collagen fiber content. ALT, AST, albumin, and total proteins were examined by spectrophotometry. Determination of the levels of α-SMA and TGF-β in hepatic tissue was examined by Western blot and of the expression of TIMP-2, MMP-13, α-FP, HGF, CK-7, and c-Myc was examined by qPCR. Treatment with doxazosin or carvedilol prompted histological recovery and reduced collagen fibers in the livers of cirrhotic hamsters. The expression of TIMP-2 decreased and that of MMP-13 increases in animals treated with adrenoblockers with respect to the group with cirrhosis. Additionally, the concentration of α-SMA and TGF-β declined with both drugs with respect to placebo p<0.05. On the other hand, each drug treatment led to a distinct scenario for cell proliferation markers. Whereas doxazosin produced no irregularities in α-FP, Ki-67, and c-Myc expression, carvedilol induced an increment in the expression of these markers with respect to the intact. Hence, doxazosin and carvedilol are potential treatments for the regression of hepatic cirrhosis in hamsters in relation to the decrease of collagen in the hepatic parenchyma. However, at regeneration level we observed that doxazosin caused slight morphological changes in hepatocytes, such as its balonization without affecting the hepatic function, and on the other hand, carvedilol elicited a slight irregular expression of cell proliferation markers.

scholarly journals The Synaxarion Redaction of the Life of St. Alexander Svirsky: A Reconstruction of the Early Stages of the Text History

Slovene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-183
Author(s):  
Alexandra E. Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Trinity

The paper addresses the problems of the attribution and the geographical and chronological origins of the synaxarion redaction of the Life of St. Alexander Svirsky; it relies on textological, codicological, and palaeographic analysis of the surviving manuscripts. The author draws some conclusions about the formation of the regional variants of this medieval hagiographic text. Alexander Svirsky was the only Christian saint who was honored by receiving a manifestation of the Holy Trinity; this occurred in 1508. He founded the monastery of the Holy Trinity and was its archpriest until his dormition in 1533. The Life of Alexander Svirsky was written in 1545 by Herodion Kochnev, one of the saint’s acolytes, at the directive of Metropolitan Macarius for the Great Menaion Reader. The Life of St. Alexander Svirsky survives in a large number of copies— about 200—from the 16th and 17th centuries. Only nine of these copies show the text variant that the author of this study calls “the synaxarion variant”; they appear in synaxaria from the second half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. Word-by-word text comparison allows one to conclude that these nine copies fall into three different redactions, each reflecting Herodion’s text. All three redactions originate from different areas, and they differ in subject matter and in the methods of elaboration of the Menaion text. On the one hand, this confirms that obviously there was a great need for this kind of text; on the other hand, it acknowledges the absence of a norm by means of which such texts might be compiled. The first, earliest, synaxarion redaction survives in seven copies, including one of the earliest copies of the Life, which dates back to 1549, according to a note by the scribe. It might have been created soon after Herodion’s text for the Great Menaion Reader to coincide with Alexander’s canonization in 1547. Despite the small number of surviving copies, this redaction was rather widespread and was known in Pskov and Novgorod, in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, and probably in Romanov. The other two redactions were found in late, isolated copies. The second synaxarion redaction is known from the Vologda Synaxarion, and the third one—from the Synaxarion delivered from Moscow to Mozhaysk.

scholarly journals Effects of Retting Media Circulation and Temperature on the Fermentation Process in Soft-Texture and Low Cyanogenic Content Cassava Flour Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
M.T.A.P. Kresnowati ◽  
Yazid Bindar ◽  
Lienda Aliwarga ◽  
Dianika Lestari ◽  
Nicholaus Prasetya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fermentation Performance ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
Fermentation Temperature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Flour Production

A fermentation process to produce soft-texture and low cyanogenic content cassava flour had been studied, in particular the effects of temperature, circulation of the retting media, and scale to the reduction of cyanogenic content and the structure of cassava. Although the effects of retting media circulation and an increase in the fermentation temperature on cyanogenic content reduction were not clearly seen, they led to more damaged cassava structure and thus improving the overall cassava flour production. On the other hand small scale fermentation led to both cyanogenic content reduction and morphological changes, giving better fermentation performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document