scholarly journals CARRIER FUNCTION IN ANTI-HAPTEN IMMUNE RESPONSES

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Katz ◽  
William E. Paul ◽  
Edmond A. Goidl ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Association Constant ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immunoglobulin Class ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant

Preimmunization of either guinea pigs or rabbits to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) prepares the animals for markedly enhanced antibody responses to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-BGG (DNP-BGG). This phenomenon is observed both in the primary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG and in the secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG in animals primed with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OVA). The BGG preimmunization is most effective if the antigen is administered as a complete Freund's adjuvant emulsion; in rabbits, a dose of 1 µg of BGG is more effective than a dose of 50 µg, whereas the reverse is true in guinea pigs. Transfusion of homologous anti-BGG sera fails to replace active immunization with BGG in the preparation of animals for these enhanced anti-DNP antibody responses. Both the immunoglobulin class and the average association constant for ϵ-DNP-L-lysine of the anti-DNP antibody produced in these enhanced responses is determined by the mode and time of immunization with haptenic conjugates and is not appreciably influenced by the nature of the carrier preimmunization. These studies indicate that the carrier specificity of hapten-specific anamnestic antibody responses is largely due to the interaction of two independent cell associated recognition units, one specialized for carrier and the other specific for haptenic determinants.

scholarly journals Cross-reactive antibody response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after recent COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Schultz-Cherry ◽  
Maureen A McGargill ◽  
Paul G Thomas ◽  
Jeremie H Estepp ◽  
Aditya H Gaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Reactive Antibody

Abstract Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines administered after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody is unknown, and ‘antibody interference’ might hinder immune responses leading to vaccine failure. In an IRB-approved prospective study, we found that an individual who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccination <40 days after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody therapy for symptomatic COVID-19 had similar post-vaccine antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), for four important SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1), as other participants who were also vaccinated following COVID-19. Vaccination against COVID-19 shortly after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody can boost and expand antibody protection, questioning the need to delay vaccination in this setting.

scholarly journals The Active Immunization of Guinea-Pigs Passively Immunized with Homologous Antitoxic Serum

1955 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Mason ◽  
Mary Robinson ◽  
P. Agerholm Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Primary Stimulus ◽  
Serum Titre ◽  
Secondary Stimulus

SummaryGroups of guinea-pigs were passively immunized against diphtheria toxin with homologous antitoxic serum so that their sera contained, at the start of the experiment, 1·0, 0·1, 0·01 or 0·001 unit/ml, respectively. They were then actively immunized with one, or two spaced, injections of 0·1 Lf of A.D.F. Two control groups were included, one passively immunized only and the other actively immunized only.Passively produced serum titres of 0·01 and 0·001 unit/ml. did not interfere with active immunization in any demonstrable way.A titre of 0·1 unit/ml. did interfere with active immunization, markedly 4 weeks after the primary, slightly 2 weeks after the secondary, and markedly 14 weeks after the secondary, stimulus.A titre of 1·0 unit/ml. interfered with active immunization, markedly 4 weeks after the primary, and 2 and 14 weeks after the secondary, stimulus. This titre, however, did not completely annul the effect of the primary stimulus. The highest observed serum titre was obtained at the 32nd, instead of at the 4th week, as in the guinea-pigs actively immunized only.In large measure the results confirm those of Barr and her colleagues who found that, in human babies, an initial ‘passive’ titre of 0·04 unit/ml. serum did not interfere with active immunization, whereas a titre of 0·1 unit/ml, led to unsatisfactory immunization.

scholarly journals Induction of Potent Immune Responses by Cationic Microparticles with Adsorbed Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccines

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (19) ◽  
pp. 9037-9043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek O'Hagan ◽  
Manmohan Singh ◽  
Mildred Ugozzoli ◽  
Carl Wild ◽  
Susan Barnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Combination Vaccine ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Naked Dna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of cationic microparticles with adsorbed DNA at inducing immune responses was investigated in mice, guinea pigs, and rhesus macaques. Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag and Env adsorbed onto the surface of cationic poly(lactide-coglycolide) (PLG) microparticles were shown to be substantially more potent than corresponding naked DNA vaccines. In mice immunized with HIV gag DNA, adsorption onto PLG increased CD8+ T-cell and antibody responses by ∼100- and ∼1,000-fold, respectively. In guinea pigs immunized with HIV env DNA adsorbed onto PLG, antibody responses showed a more rapid onset and achieved markedly higher enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing titers than in animals immunized with naked DNA. Further enhancement of antibody responses was observed in animals vaccinated with PLG/DNA microparticles formulated with aluminum phosphate. The magnitude of anti-Env antibody responses induced by PLG/DNA particles was equivalent to that induced by recombinant gp120 protein formulated with a strong adjuvant, MF-59. In guinea pigs immunized with a combination vaccine containing HIVenv and HIV gag DNA plasmids on PLG microparticles, substantially superior antibody responses were induced against both components, as measured by onset, duration, and titer. Furthermore, PLG formulation overcame an apparent hyporesponsiveness of the env DNA component in the combination vaccine. Finally, preliminary data in rhesus macaques demonstrated a substantial enhancement of immune responses afforded by PLG/DNA. Therefore, formulation of DNA vaccines by adsorption onto PLG microparticles is a powerful means of increasing vaccine potency.

scholarly journals Vaccination of eels (Anguilla japonicaandAnguilla anguilla) againstAnguillicola crassuswith irradiated L3

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. KNOPF ◽  
R. LUCIUS
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Anguillicola Crassus ◽  
Original Host ◽  
Protection Against Infection

SUMMARYThe original host of the swimbladder nematodeAnguillicola crassus, the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and the recently colonized European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were immunized with 40 irradiated (500 Gy) 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of this parasite and challenged with an infection of 40 normal L3. The immunization induced a significant reduction of the number of adult worms developing from the challenge infection inA. japonica, but not inA. anguilla. The induced resistance (calculated using the relation of the number of adult worms in immunized eels and in non-immunized control eels) inA. japonicawas 87·3%±30·4%. Following a single infection, the percentage of adult worms found inA. japonicawas lower as compared toA. anguilla, and the few adult worms were much smaller, revealing a lower susceptibility ofA. japonicatoA. crassusin comparison toA. anguilla. Both eel species developed an antibody response againstA. crassus, but the level of antibody responses was not positively correlated with the protection against infection, suggesting that the antibody response is not a key element in resistance of eels againstA. crassus. This study suggests that the original host ofA. crassusis able to mount efficient protective immune responses against its parasite, whereas the newly acquired host seems to lack this ability.

scholarly journals DNA Vaccines for Influenza Virus: Differential Effects of Maternal Antibody on Immune Responses to Hemagglutinin and Nucleoprotein

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (17) ◽  
pp. 7787-7793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamera M. Pertmer ◽  
Alp E. Oran ◽  
Janice M. Moser ◽  
Catherine A. Madorin ◽  
Harriet L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Humoral Responses

ABSTRACT Maternal antibody is the major form of protection from disease in early life when the neonatal immune system is still immature; however, the presence of maternal antibody also interferes with active immunization, placing infants at risk for severe bacterial and viral infection. We tested the ability of intramuscular and gene gun immunization with DNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) to raise protective humoral and cellular responses in the presence or absence of maternal antibody. Neonatal mice born to influenza virus-immune mothers raised full antibody responses to NP but failed to generate antibody responses to HA. In contrast, the presence of maternal antibody did not affect the generation of long-lived CD8+ T-cell responses to both HA and NP. Thus, maternal antibody did not affect cell-mediated responses but did affect humoral responses, with the ability to limit the antibody response correlating with whether the DNA-expressed immunogen was localized in the plasma membrane or within the cell.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RECENT ANTIGEN PRIMING ON ADOPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES

1974 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sprent ◽  
J. F. A. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Node ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Antigen Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes

When thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) or mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from mice primed 1 day before with either sheep erythrocytes (SRC) or horse erythrocytes (HRC) were transferred together with both SRC and HRC to irradiated mice, antibody responses measured 7 days later could not be detected to the priming antigen but were high to the other antigen. Furthermore, this unresponsiveness of TDL and MLN to the priming antigen could not be abrogated by delaying antigen challenge of the transferred cells for 1–2 wk. Previous work had shown that short-term priming with antigen also induced specific unresponsiveness in spleen cells on adoptive transfer. Unresponsiveness in these cells, however, was only of temporary duration, full recovery in the reactivity of the cells being observed when challenge with the priming antigen on transfer was delayed for 5 or more days. Since the present work showed that such recovery from initial unresponsiveness on transfer was unique to spleen cells and did not apply to TDL or MLN, it appeared that different mechanisms were responsible for the unresponsiveness in the three populations. It is proposed that the unresponsiveness detected in TDL and MLN cells in the present study resulted from a deficiency of antigen-reactive cells, these cells having been recruited to the spleen, i.e., a region of antigen concentration. This concept of antigen-induced selective recruitment of circulating lymphocytes was supported by evidence that 51Cr-labeled heterologous erythrocytes indeed localized largely in the spleen after intravenous injection but not in MLN.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich K. Hammer ◽  
Frank J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis ◽  
Experimental Glomerulonephritis

The primary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis produced by rabbit nephrotoxic serum appears to be dependent to a great extent, but not completely, upon the participation of serum complement. On the other hand, duck nephrotoxic serum produces its primary renal injury without detectable utilization of or dependence upon serum complement. The secondary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis appears to be largely or entirely dependent upon the host's antibody response to the heterologous gamma globulin fixed in the glomeruli. No evidence could be obtained for the existence of an autoimmune antikidney response by the host in this experimental model.

Variation in class-specific humoral immune responses of different mouse strains to microfilariae ofDipetalonema viteae

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Almond ◽  
M. J. Worms ◽  
W. Harnett ◽  
R. M. E. Parkhouse
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Subcutaneous Transplantation ◽  
Dipetalonema Viteae

SUMMARYThe class-specific antibody responses of 3 strains of mice (C57/Bl10, BALB/C and CBA/N) known to vary in their ability to control the microfilaraemia which follows the subcutaneous transplantation of adult femaleDipetalonema viteaehas been investigated. The 3 mouse strains showed significant variation (a) in total levels of immunoglobulins and (b) in ability to recognize individual radio-isotope-labelled antigens as measured by coprecipitation. Within each mouse strain it was noted that antigens could vary with respect to the nature of the isotype of the antibody response which they elicited. Furthermore, by comparing results obtained from class-specific coprecipitation with surface ELISA it was found that a similar variation between responses to individual epitopes was also likely. No differences were observed in the humoral response of the 3 mouse strains which could explain the known resistance of the C57/B110 strain; reasons for this are discussed.

scholarly journals NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO STREPTOCOCCAL DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE IN THE SERUM OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kellner ◽  
Elizabeth B. Freeman ◽  
Arthur S. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streptococcal Infections ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Streptolysin O ◽  
Very High

Specific neutralizing antibodies directed against streptococcal DPNase were induced experimentally in rabbits and guinea pigs by the injection of partially purified preparations of the enzyme. Similar antibodies capable of inhibiting the biological activity of the enzyme were found to occur naturally in the serum of a very high percentage of human beings, and the titer of these antibodies often rose sharply following streptococcal infections. The antibody response to streptococcal DPNase in general paralleled that to streptolysin O, though in some instances antibodies to one increased when those to the other did not.

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