scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich K. Hammer ◽  
Frank J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis ◽  
Experimental Glomerulonephritis

The primary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis produced by rabbit nephrotoxic serum appears to be dependent to a great extent, but not completely, upon the participation of serum complement. On the other hand, duck nephrotoxic serum produces its primary renal injury without detectable utilization of or dependence upon serum complement. The secondary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis appears to be largely or entirely dependent upon the host's antibody response to the heterologous gamma globulin fixed in the glomeruli. No evidence could be obtained for the existence of an autoimmune antikidney response by the host in this experimental model.

scholarly journals MICROSCOPIC IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF GLOMERULI IN CHRONIC NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. BOSS
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chronic Nephritis

The microscopic immunofluorescence of the glomeruli differs in acute and chronic nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the distribution pattern of the injected nephrotoxic globulin and the host's gamma globulin. In acute nephritis specific glomerular fluorescence, denoting fixation of nephrotoxic and recipient's gamma globulin, is sharply limited to regular, thin and delicate lines corresponding to the capillary basement membranes. On the other hand, specific glomerular fluorescence in chronic nephritis appears as irregular, broad and tortuous loops consisting of coarse, partially coalescing specks of differing brightness. This difference is possibly related to the profound alterations in chronic nephritis resulting in reconstruction of the glomerular architecture.

scholarly journals CARRIER FUNCTION IN ANTI-HAPTEN IMMUNE RESPONSES

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Katz ◽  
William E. Paul ◽  
Edmond A. Goidl ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Association Constant ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immunoglobulin Class ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant

Preimmunization of either guinea pigs or rabbits to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) prepares the animals for markedly enhanced antibody responses to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-BGG (DNP-BGG). This phenomenon is observed both in the primary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG and in the secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG in animals primed with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OVA). The BGG preimmunization is most effective if the antigen is administered as a complete Freund's adjuvant emulsion; in rabbits, a dose of 1 µg of BGG is more effective than a dose of 50 µg, whereas the reverse is true in guinea pigs. Transfusion of homologous anti-BGG sera fails to replace active immunization with BGG in the preparation of animals for these enhanced anti-DNP antibody responses. Both the immunoglobulin class and the average association constant for ϵ-DNP-L-lysine of the anti-DNP antibody produced in these enhanced responses is determined by the mode and time of immunization with haptenic conjugates and is not appreciably influenced by the nature of the carrier preimmunization. These studies indicate that the carrier specificity of hapten-specific anamnestic antibody responses is largely due to the interaction of two independent cell associated recognition units, one specialized for carrier and the other specific for haptenic determinants.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil R. Unanue ◽  
Frank J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Capillary Surface ◽  
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis ◽  
Glomerular Capillary ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was studied in rats receiving variable amounts of kidney-fixing antibody and active or passive immunization to the heterologous gamma globulin of the species supplying the nephrotoxic antibody. Rats injected with a moderate to a large amount of kidney-fixing antibody (180 to 380 µg) and immunized to the heterologous gamma globulin developed a more severe nephritis than rats receiving similar amounts of antibody without further immunization. Rats injected with minimal amounts of kidney-fixing antibody (2 to 45 µg) and immunized to the heterologous gamma globulin developed a moderate nephritis in contrast to rats receiving similar amounts of antibody without further immunizations which showed no evidence of renal injury. In the rats receiving small doses of kidney-fixing antibody and immunization to the heterologous gamma globulin a lag period existed between the appearance of circulating antibody and kidney-fixed host antibodies and the appearance of renal injury. This delay apparently reflects the need for a continuing antigen-antibody reaction for some time in order to produce detectable injury with the small amounts of reactants involved. From these data it appears that, in the presence of excess circulating antibody, antigens occupying at most a few per cent of the glomerular capillary surface can provide an antigen-antibody interaction which will over a period of time cause detectable morphological and functional alterations of the glomerulus.

Opposite Effect of Lysine on Platelet Aggregation Induced by Arachidonate and by Other Aggregants

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (01) ◽  
pp. 078-083 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Ts'ao ◽  
S J Hart ◽  
D V Krajewski ◽  
P G Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Aminocaproic Acid ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Many ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryEarlier, we found that ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen, but not aggregation by arachidonic acid (AA). Since EACA is structurally similar to lysine, yet these two agents exhibit vast difference in their antifibrinolytic activities, we chose to study the effect of lysine on platelet aggregation. We used L-lysine-HCl in these studies because of its high solubility in aqueous solutions while causing no change in pH when added to human plasma. With lysine, we repeatedly found inhibition of ADP-, collagen- and ristocetin-induced aggregation, but potentiation of AA-induced aggregation. Both the inhibitory and potentiation effects were dose-dependent. Low doses of lysine inhibited the secondary phase of aggregation; high doses of it also inhibited the primary phase of aggregation. Potentiation of AA-induced aggregation was accompanied by increased release of serotonin and formation of malondialdehyde. These effects were not confined to human platelets; rat platelets were similarly affected. Platelets, exposed to lysine and then washed and resuspended in an artificial medium not containing lysine, remained hypersensitive to AA, but no longer showed decreased aggregation by collagen. Comparing the effects of lysine with equimolar concentrations of sucrose, EACA, and α-amino-n-butyric acid, we attribute the potent inhibitory effect of lysine to either the excess positive charge or H+ and C1− ions. The -NH2 group on the α-carbon on lysine appears to be the determining factor for the potentiation effect; the effect seems to be exerted on the cyclooxygenase level of AA metabolism. Lysine and other chemicals with platelet-affecting properties similar to lysine may be used as a tool for the study of the many aspects of a platelet aggregation reaction.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Sediments from Aha Lake, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1913-1918
Author(s):  
Feng Liu ◽  
Ji Wei Hu ◽  
Xian Fei Huang ◽  
Jing An Chen ◽  
Li Ya Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Residual Phase ◽  
Heavy Metals Contamination ◽  
Mining Wastewater ◽  
Aha Lake

Assessment of the pollution for the selected six heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Ni) in ten surface sediments sampled from Aha Lake in a dry season was made in the present investigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the sources of the heavy metals contamination and two components were extracted. Analysis of the lake characteristics and point source pollution revealed that the discharge of industrial effluent and coal mining wastewater were the possible sources of these heavy metals contamination. Based on the speciation characteristics of heavy metals in sediments, the method ratio of secondary phase to primary phase (RSP) was applied to evaluate the loadings and the bioavailability of these heavy metals. The RSP evaluation exhibited that Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Ni were mainly associated with Fe-Mn oxides besides residual phase, while Cu mainly existed in organic phase and residual phase. In summary, the potential risk posed to the lake caused by the heavy metals was high and descended in the order of Mn > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cu > Fe.

scholarly journals New Autoantibody Specificities in Systemic Sclerosis and Very Early Systemic Sclerosis

Antibodies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Roberto Lande ◽  
Raffaella Palazzo ◽  
Anna Mennella ◽  
Immacolata Pietraforte ◽  
Marius Cadar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Allelic Variant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Autoantibody Response ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
Early Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis Patient

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) is a biomarker of unfavorable prognosis in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), a potentially severe autoimmune condition, characterized by vasculitis, fibrosis and interferon (IFN)-I-signature. We recently reported that autoantibodies to CXCL4 circulate in SSc patients and correlate with IFN-α. Here, we used shorter versions of CXCL4 and CXCL4-L1, the CXCL4 non-allelic variant, to search for autoantibodies exclusively reacting to one or the other CXCL4 form. Moreover, to address whether anti-CXCL4/CXCL4-L1 antibodies were present before SSc onset and predicted SSc-progression, we longitudinally studied two VEDOSS (Very Early Diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis) patient cohorts, separating SSc-progressors from SSc-non-progressors. We found that anti-CXCL4-specific autoantibodies were present in both SSc and VEDOSS patients (both SSc-progressors and SSc-non-progressors). Anti-CXCL4-L1-specific autoantibodies were especially detected in long-standing SSc (lsSSc). Anti-CXCL4/CXCL4-L1 antibodies correlated with IFN-α and with specific SSc-skin features but only in lsSSc and not in early SSc (eaSSc) or VEDOSS. Thus, a broader antibody response, with reactivity spreading to CXCL4-L1, is characteristic of lsSSc. The early anti-CXCL4 autoantibody response seems qualitatively different from, and likely less pathogenic than, that observed in advanced SSc. Lastly, we confirm that anti-CXCL4 autoantibodies are SSc-biomarkers and uncover that also CXCL4-L1 becomes an autoantigen in lsSSc.

Effects of Ethanol on Pathways of Platelet Aggregation In Vitro

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (03) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret L Rand ◽  
Marian A Packham ◽  
Raelene L Kinlough-Rathbone ◽  
J Fraser Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryEthanol, at physiologically tolerable concentrations, did not affect the primary phase of ADP-induced aggregation of human or rabbit platelets, which is not associated with the secretion of granule contents. Potentiation by epinephrine of the primary phase of ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets was also not inhibited by ethanol. However, ethanol did inhibit the secondary phase of ADP-induced aggregation which occurs with human platelets in citrated platelet-rich plasma and is dependent on the formation of thromboxane A2. Inhibition by ethanol of thromboxane production by stimulated platelets is likely due to inhibition of the mobilization of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, as ethanol had little or no effect on aggregation and secretion induced by arachidonic acid or the thromboxane mimetic U46619. Rabbit platelet aggregation and secretion in response to low concentrations of collagen, thrombin, or PAF were inhibited by ethanol. Inhibition of the effects of thrombin and PAF was also observed with aspirin-treated platelets. Thus, in addition to inhibiting the mobilization of arachidonate for thromboxane formation that occurs with most agonists, ethanol can also inhibit aggregation and secretion through other effects on platelet responses.

scholarly journals The IL-23/Th17 Axis Contributes to Renal Injury in Experimental Glomerulonephritis

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Paust ◽  
Jan-Eric Turner ◽  
Oliver M. Steinmetz ◽  
Anett Peters ◽  
Felix Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Experimental Glomerulonephritis

scholarly journals Vitamin E Ameliorates Renal Injury in an Experimental Model of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy1

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Trachtman ◽  
James C M Chan ◽  
Winnie Chan ◽  
Elsa Valderrama ◽  
Richard Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Immunoglobulin A

scholarly journals Antigenic Analysis of Plasminogen and Plasmin

Blood ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
UBALDO RIFÉ ◽  
FELIX MILGROM ◽  
SIDNEY SHULMAN
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Beta Globulin ◽  
Unidentified Component ◽  
Human Plasminogen

Abstract Human plasminogen and plasmin preparations have been analyzed and compared for their antigenic properties. For the evaluation of such preparations, antisera to Kline plasminogen, prepared in rabbits, were used. Kline plasminogen revealed the presence of three distinct components. One of these was identical to gamma globulin of serum by both chemical and immunological criteria while the other two were in the beta-globulin mobility category. One of these latter could be identified with the proenzyme, plasminogen, itself; the other remained an unidentified component which could not be related to the proenzyme. Plasmin showed a similar pattern except for the absence of the gamma-globulin constituent. The two components of plasmin were antigenically identical to the corresponding components of plasminogen.

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