Variation in class-specific humoral immune responses of different mouse strains to microfilariae ofDipetalonema viteae

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Almond ◽  
M. J. Worms ◽  
W. Harnett ◽  
R. M. E. Parkhouse
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Subcutaneous Transplantation ◽  
Dipetalonema Viteae

SUMMARYThe class-specific antibody responses of 3 strains of mice (C57/Bl10, BALB/C and CBA/N) known to vary in their ability to control the microfilaraemia which follows the subcutaneous transplantation of adult femaleDipetalonema viteaehas been investigated. The 3 mouse strains showed significant variation (a) in total levels of immunoglobulins and (b) in ability to recognize individual radio-isotope-labelled antigens as measured by coprecipitation. Within each mouse strain it was noted that antigens could vary with respect to the nature of the isotype of the antibody response which they elicited. Furthermore, by comparing results obtained from class-specific coprecipitation with surface ELISA it was found that a similar variation between responses to individual epitopes was also likely. No differences were observed in the humoral response of the 3 mouse strains which could explain the known resistance of the C57/B110 strain; reasons for this are discussed.

scholarly journals mRNA vaccination in people over 80 years of age induces strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with cross neutralization of P.1 Brazilian variant

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Parry ◽  
Gokhan Tut ◽  
Rachel Bruton ◽  
Sian Faustini ◽  
Christine Stephens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Age is the major risk factor for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection and older people have received priority consideration for COVID-19 vaccination. However, vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age group and few people over the age of 80 years were included in vaccine registration trials. We determined the serological and cellular response to spike protein in 100 people aged 80–96 years at 2 weeks after the second vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Antibody responses were seen in every donor with high titers in 98%. Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased antibody responses after one vaccine and antibody and cellular responses remained 28-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, after dual vaccination. Post-vaccine sera mediated strong neutralization of live Victoria infection and although neutralization titers were reduced 14-fold against the P.1 variant first discovered in Brazil they remained largely effective. These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine platform delivers strong humoral immunity in people up to 96 years of age and retains broad efficacy against the P.1 variant of concern.

scholarly journals Viral Replicative Capacity, Antigen Availability via Hematogenous Spread, and High TFH:TFRRatios Drive Induction of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preethi Eldi ◽  
Geeta Chaudhri ◽  
Stephen L. Nutt ◽  
Timothy P. Newsome ◽  
Gunasegaran Karupiah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Replicative Capacity ◽  
Hematogenous Spread ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Early Predictor

ABSTRACTLive viral vaccines elicit protective, long-lived humoral immunity, but the underlying mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully elucidated. Generation of affinity matured, long-lived protective antibody responses involve close interactions between T follicular helper (TFH) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells. We postulated that escalating concentrations of antigens from replicating viruses or live vaccines, spread through the hematogenous route, are essential for the induction and maintenance of long-lived protective antibody responses. Using replicating and poorly replicating or nonreplicating orthopox and influenza A viruses, we show that the magnitude of TFH cell, GC B cell, and neutralizing antibody responses is directly related to virus replicative capacity. Further, we have identified that both lymphoid and circulating TFH:TFRcell ratios during the peak GC response can be used as an early predictor of protective, long-lived antibody response induction. Finally, administration of poorly or nonreplicating viruses to allow hematogenous spread generates significantly stronger TFH:TFRratios and robust TFH, GC B cell and neutralizing antibody responses.IMPORTANCENeutralizing antibody response is the best-known correlate of long-term protective immunity for most of the currently licensed clinically effective viral vaccines. However, the host immune and viral factors that are critical for the induction of robust and durable antiviral humoral immune responses are not well understood. Our study provides insight into the dynamics of key cellular mediators of germinal center reaction during live virus infections and the influence of viral replicative capacity on the magnitude of antiviral antibody response and effector function. The significance of our study lies in two key findings. First, the systemic spread of even poorly replicating or nonreplicating viruses to mimic the spread of antigens from replicating viruses due to escalating antigen concentration is fundamental to the induction of durable antibody responses. Second, the TFH:TFRratio may be used as an early predictor of protective antiviral humoral immune responses long before memory responses are generated.

scholarly journals Subtle immunological differences in mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine induced Fc-functional profiles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Kaplonek ◽  
Deniz Cizmeci ◽  
Stephanie Fischinger ◽  
Ai-ris Collier ◽  
Todd Suscovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Differential Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Functional Antibodies ◽  
Functional Profiles

The successful development of several COVID-19 vaccines has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality in regions of the world where the vaccines have been deployed. However, in the wake of the emergence of viral variants, able to evade vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies, real world vaccine efficacy has begun to show differences across the mRNA platforms, suggesting that subtle variation in immune responses induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 vaccines may provide differential protection. Given our emerging appreciation for the importance of additional antibody functions, beyond neutralization, here we profiled the post-boost binding and functional capacity of the humoral response induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 in a cohort of hospital staff. Both vaccines induced robust humoral immune responses to WT SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. However, differences emerged across epitope-specific responses, with higher RBD- and NTD- specific IgA, as well as functional antibodies (ADNP and ADNK) in mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients. Additionally, RBD-specific antibody depletion highlighted the different roles of non-RBD-specific antibody effector function induced across the mRNA vaccines, providing novel insights into potential differences in protective immunity generated across these vaccines in the setting of newly emerging VOCs.

scholarly journals Limited Local and Systemic Antibody Responses toNeisseria gonorrhoeae during Uncomplicated Genital Infections

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 3937-3946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer R. Hedges ◽  
Matthew S. Mayo ◽  
Jiri Mestecky ◽  
Edward W. Hook ◽  
Michael W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genital Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Repeated infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. We examined whether previous infections or site of infection altered the local and systemic antigonococcal antibody levels in males and females. Antibodies against N. gonorrhoeae MS11 and the patients’ homologous infecting isolates were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In general, the local and systemic immune responses to gonococci were extremely modest. There was a slight increase in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the MS11 strain and the homologous isolates in infected males. Levels of serum IgA1 antibodies against MS11 were slightly higher in infected than in uninfected females. A history of previous infections with N. gonorrhoeae did not alter the antibody levels in patients with a current infection, suggesting that immunological memory is not induced by uncomplicated gonococcal infections. Antibody responses to infected subjects’ homologous isolates were observed in cervical mucus; IgA1 levels increased while IgG levels decreased. The decline in mucosal IgG against the homologous isolates was less common in subjects having both rectal and cervical infections; otherwise, no effect of rectal involvement was observed. The absence of substantially higher antibody levels to gonococci where there is infection at a site known to contain organized lymphoid tissue suggests that the low levels of responses to uncomplicated infections may not be due simply to an absence of inductive sites in the genital tract. We propose that in addition to its potential ability to avoid the effects of an immune response,N. gonorrhoeae does not elicit strong humoral immune responses during uncomplicated genital infections.

Regulation of humoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Istvan Berczi ◽  
Eva Nagy ◽  
Kalman Kovacs ◽  
Eva Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

Abstract. Hypophysectomized female Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth rats had severely impaired primary and secondary antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Mercaptoethanol-sensitive (IgM) and mercaptoethanol-resistant (IgG) antibodies were similarly affected. Titers to E. Coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide were also significantly decreased in such animals. The antibody response of hypophysectomized rats could be restored by syngeneic pituitary grafts when placed under the kidney capsule or by prolactin treatment. Growth hormone was less effective in this respect than prolactin. Treatment of normal rats with ACTH suppressed their antibody formation to SRBC. These results indicate that the pituitary gland has the potential to regulate humoral immune responses.

Humoral immune responses to systemicCandida albicansinfection in inbred mouse strains

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL J. COSTANTINO ◽  
NORMAN F. GARE ◽  
JOHN R. WARMINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Inbred Mouse Strains ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

scholarly journals Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses toBorrelia burgdorferi Antigens in Patients with Culture-Positive Early Lyme Disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 7437-7444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Vaz ◽  
Lisa Glickstein ◽  
Jodie A. Field ◽  
Gail McHugh ◽  
Vijay K. Sikand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Erythema Migrans ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Reactivity ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Culture Positive

ABSTRACT We determined cellular and humoral immune responses toBorrelia burgdorferi lysate and to recombinant flagellin (FlaB), OspC, and OspA in acute- and convalescent-phase samples from 39 culture-positive patients with erythema migrans and in 20 healthy control subjects. During the acute illness, a median of 4 days after the onset of erythema migrans, 51% of the patients had proliferative cellular responses and 72% had antibody responses to at least one of the borrelial antigens tested. During convalescence, at the conclusion of antibiotic therapy, 64% of the patients had proliferative cellular reactivity and 95% had antibody reactivity with at least one of the spirochetal antigens tested. In both acute- and convalescent-phase samples, cellular immune responses were found as frequently to OspA as to OspC and FlaB. Although antibody responses were also frequently seen to OspC and FlaB, only a few patients had marginal antibody reactivity with OspA. The percentage of patients with proliferative responses was similar in those with clinical evidence of localized or disseminated infection, whereas humoral reactivity was found more often in those with disseminated disease. We conclude that cellular and humoral responses to B. burgdorferi antigens are often found among patients with early Lyme disease. In contrast with the other antigens tested, cellular but not humoral reactivity was often found with OspA.

scholarly journals Antigen targeting to dendritic cells elicits long-lived T cell help for antibody responses

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia B. Boscardin ◽  
Julius C.R. Hafalla ◽  
Revati F. Masilamani ◽  
Alice O. Kamphorst ◽  
Henry A. Zebroski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Maturation Stimulus ◽  
T Cell Help

Resistance to several prevalent infectious diseases requires both cellular and humoral immune responses. T cell immunity is initiated by mature dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid organs, whereas humoral responses to most antigens require further collaboration between primed, antigen-specific helper T cells and naive or memory B cells. To determine whether antigens delivered to DCs in lymphoid organs induce T cell help for antibody responses, we targeted a carrier protein, ovalbumin (OVA), to DCs in the presence of a maturation stimulus and assayed for antibodies to a hapten, (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP), after boosting with OVA-NP. A single DC-targeted immunization elicited long-lived T cell helper responses to the carrier protein, leading to large numbers of antibody-secreting cells and high titers of high-affinity antihapten immunoglobulin Gs. Small doses of DC-targeted OVA induced higher titers and a broader spectrum of anti-NP antibody isotypes than large doses of OVA in alum adjuvant. Similar results were obtained when the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium yoelii was delivered to DCs. We conclude that antigen targeting to DCs combined with a maturation stimulus produces broad-based and long-lived T cell help for humoral immune responses.

scholarly journals A high content microscopy-based platform for detecting antibodies to the nucleocapsid, spike and membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Williams ◽  
Hayley Hornsby ◽  
Ola M. Shehata ◽  
Rebecca Brown ◽  
Domen Zafred ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serological Marker ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sample Set

The strong humoral immune response produced against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins has underpinned serological testing but the prevalence of antibody responses to other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which may be of use as further serological markers, is still unclear. Cell-based serological screening platforms can fulfil a crucial niche in the identification of antibodies which recognise more complex folded epitopes or those incorporating post-translation modifications which may be undetectable by other methods used to investigate the antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Here, we employed automated high content immunofluorescence microscopy (AHCIM) to assess the viability of such an approach as a method capable of assaying humoral immune responses against full length SARS-CoV-2 proteins in their native cellular state. We first demonstrate that AHCIM provides high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 N and S IgG. Assessing the prevalence of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 structural membrane protein (M), we further find that 85% of COVID-19 patients within our sample set developed detectable M IgG responses (M sensitivity 85%, N sensitivity 93%, combined N + M sensitivity 95%). The identification of M as a serological marker of high prevalence may be of value in detecting additional COVID-19 cases during the era of mass SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, where serological screening for SARS CoV-2 infections in vaccinated individuals is dependent on detection of antibodies against N. These findings highlight the advantages of using cell-based systems as serological screening platforms and raise the possibility of using M as a widespread serological marker alongside N and S.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in children and adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Garrido ◽  
Jillian H Hurst ◽  
Cynthia G. Lorang ◽  
Jhoanna N. Aquino ◽  
Javier Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Broad Array

As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread globally, questions have emerged regarding the strength and durability of immune responses in specific populations. In this study, we evaluated humoral immune responses in 69 children and adolescents with asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We detected robust IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody responses to a broad array of SARS-CoV-2 antigens at the time of acute infection and 2 and 4 months after acute infection in all participants. Notably, these antibody responses were associated with virus neutralizing activity that was still detectable 4 months after acute infection in 94% of children. Moreover, antibody responses and neutralizing activity in sera from children and adolescents were comparable or superior to those observed in sera from 24 adults with mild symptomatic infection. Taken together, these findings indicate children and adolescents with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection generate robust and durable humoral immune responses that are likely to protect from reinfection.

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