IDENTIFICATION OF MARROW-DERIVED AND THYMUS-DERIVED SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE LYMPHOID TISSUE AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF NORMAL RATS

These experiments show that small lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of rats are normally a mixture of thymus-derived and marrow-derived cells, and define the traffic areas in lymphoid tissues through which the two populations recirculate. Thoracic duct lymphocytes were labeled in vitro with uridine-3H and their histological distribution in the lymphoid tissues of normal recipients was demonstrated by radioautography. Labeled lymphocytes occupied two adjacent areas distinguished by a marked difference in the intensity of labeling; heavily labeled cells were found in thymus-dependent traffic areas of lymphocyte recirculation, while lightly labeled cells localized in the thymus-independent follicular areas around germinal centers. A corresponding heterogeneity of uridine uptake among small lymphocytes from normal donors was demonstrated by sedimentation at 1 g; slowly sedimenting cells incorporated little uridine and localized in follicular areas after transfusion while rapidly sedimenting cells incorporated more uridine and localized in thymus-dependent areas after transfusion. Experimentally prepared marrow-derived small lymphocytes behaved in sedimentation studies and after transfusion like a pure population of the lightly labeled small lymphocytes in normal lymph. Artificially reconstituted mixtures of marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes were qualitatively indistinguishable from normal lymphocyte populations.

Download Full-text

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DIVIDING LYMPH NODE CELLS IN SYNGENEIC RECIPIENT RATS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.130.6.1427 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 130 (6) ◽

pp. 1427-1451 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

Claude Griscelli ◽

Pierre Vassalli ◽

Robert T. McCluskey

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Donor Cells ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Lymph Node Cells ◽

Syngeneic Recipient

The distribution of large dividing lymph node or thoracic duct lymph cells, labeled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, was studied in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. In most experiments the donor rats had been immunized with Bacillus pertussis 4 days earlier, but in some instances cells from nonimmunized donors were used. In smears, the labeled donor cells had the appearance of large lymphocytes or large pyroninophilic cells. By electronmicroscopy, the majority of labeled donor cells were seen to have only scanty endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that the labeled cells rapidly "homed" to lymphoid tissue and recirculated in the recipient, in a fashion resembling that of small lymphocytes. However, the distribution of labeled cells was found to depend upon the source of the donor cells. Cells from mesenteric lymph nodes or thoracic duct lymph showed a marked preferential accumulation in lymphoid tissue within or adjacent to the intestine, whereas cells from peripheral nodes accumulated preferentially in peripheral lymph nodes. Cells from any of these sources showed an equal tendency to accumulate in the white pulp of the spleen. Suspensions of small lymphocytes, labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine, did not display a similar tendency to localize preferentially in lymphoid tissue in certain regions. It was also found that large dividing lymph node cells from donors immunized with an antigen (2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) or B. pertussis) showed a greater tendency to accumulate in a recipient lymph node containing that antigen than in the contralateral node. It was not determined whether the selective accumulation of large dividing lymphoid cells from different sources in lymphoid tissue of different regions in recipients was due to an antigen recognition mechansim or was the result of two different populations of cells with different "homing" mechanisms.

Download Full-text

Lymphatic pump treatment mobilizes leukocytes from the gut associated lymphoid tissue into thoracic duct lymph

International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ijosm.2008.08.002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Artur Schander ◽

Melissa K. Bearden ◽

Jamie B. Huff ◽

Arthur Williams ◽

Scott T. Stoll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thoracic Duct ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Lymphatic Pump Treatment ◽

Duct Lymph

Download Full-text

THE CARRIAGE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY BY SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.124.5.1017 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 1017-1030 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

James L. Gowans ◽

Jonathan W. Uhr

Keyword(s):

Thoracic Duct ◽

Immunological Memory ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Primary Immunization ◽

Duct Cells ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Secondary Type ◽

Rapid Antibody

Lymphocytes were obtained from the thoracic duct of rats 1½ to 15 months after primary immunization with a single dose of bacteriophage ϕX 174. An intravenous injection of these lymphocytes conferred on heavily X-irradiated rats the ability to form antibody in a secondary-type manner after a first injection of ϕX. Negligible responses were obtained after cell transfer if the recipients were not challenged with antigen. Thoracic duct cells from some immunized donors were incubated in vitro for 24 hr before transfer in order to destroy selectively the large, dividing lymphocytes. The responsiveness conferred on X-irradiated recipients by such "incubated" inocula was then compared with that given by equal numbers of "fresh" thoracic duct cells. In all such comparisons the recipients of the "incubated" cells gave higher and more rapid antibody responses. It was concluded that the cells in thoracic duct lymph which carried immunological memory were small lymphocytes.

Download Full-text

MIGRATION OF LYMPHOCYTES AND THYMOCYTES IN THE RAT

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.127.1.155 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 155-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Irving Goldschneider ◽

Douglas D. McGregor

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

White Pulp ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Splenic White Pulp

The cellular deficit in rats thymectomized at birth is primarily one of circulating small lymphocytes. The lymphocyte deficiency is similar to that induced in adult rats by chronic drainage from a thoracic duct fistula. In both cases, the animals show a reduction of small lymphocytes in peripheral blood, thoracic duct lymph, and in circumscribed areas of lymphoid tissue. The lympocyte deficiency in lymphoid tissue can be corrected by an intravenous injection of thoracic duct lymphocytes. The evidence suggests that the deficiency is corrected by small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes pass from blood to lymphoid tissue along a route which includes the marginal sinus in splenic white pulp and postcapillary venules in the cortex of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Neither the ability of small lymphocytes to colonize lymphoid tissue nor their ability to traverse postcapillary venules are thymus-dependent phenomena. However, movement of small lymphocytes across postcapillary venules appears to modify the structure of endothelium. Intravenously injected small thymocytes migrate to lymphoid tissue in smaller numbers than small lymphocytes inoculated by the same route. The few thymocytes which localize in lymphoid tissue follow the same pathway as circulating small lymphocytes.

Download Full-text

Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.157.6.1758 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 157 (6) ◽

pp. 1758-1779 ◽

Cited By ~ 236

Author(s):

CW Pugh ◽

GG MacPherson ◽

HW Steer

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Tritiated Thymidine ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Nonspecific Esterase ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Peripheral Lymph ◽

Duct Lymph

Mesenteric lymphadenectomy in rats is followed by union of peripheral and central lymphatics, allowing the collection of intestine-derived peripheral lymph cells via the thoracic duct for several days. These cells include a proportion of nonlymphoid cells (NLC) that show irregular and heterogeneous surface morphology including long pseudopodia and veils. They stain variably for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and are ATPase-positive. Their nuclei are irregular and some contain cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which show peroxidase activity and/or contain DNA. NLC have a range of densitites generally lower than that of lymphocytes. Freshly collected NLC express the leukocyte-common antigen (defined by monoclonal antibody MRC Ox 1) and Ia antigens (I-A and I-E subregion products defined by monoclonal antibodies) but they show a relative lack of other surface markers normally found on rat B or T lymphocytes (W3/13, W3/25, MRC Ox 12 (sIg), MRC Ox 19) or rat macrophages (FcR, C'R, mannose R, W3/25). In general NLC are only weakly adherent to glass or plastic. Although a subpopulation of NLC appear to have had a phagocytic past, freshly collected NLC fail to phagocytose a variety of test particles in vitro. NLC also appear incapable of pinocytosis in vitro. This heterogeneity may represent distinct subpopulations of NLC or different stages in the development of a single cell lineage. Direct cannulation of mesenteric lacteals shows that the majority of NLC are derived from the small intestine and their precursors appear to be present both in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Kinetic studies, following irradiation or intravenous tritiated thymidine, show that the majority of NLC turn over rapidly in the intestine with a modal time of 3-5 d. Studies with bone marrow chimeras show that they are derived from a rapidly dividing precursor present in normal bone marrow. NLC occur at very low frequencies in normal thoracic duct lymph at all times following cannulation. The evidence presented suggests that NLC closely resemble mouse lymphoid dendritic cells. This conclusion is supported by evidence already obtained showing that NLC are potent stimulators of the semi-allogeneic rat primary mixed leukocyte reaction. In addition to the ceils resembling dendritic cells rare monocytoid cells are found in thoracic duct lymph of lymphadenectomized specific pathogen-free rats. The proportion of these cells increases greatly when the animals are conventionally housed. It seems probable that the physiological function of NLC is to act as accessory cells in the lymph nodes to which they normally drain. Methods for enriching NLC and thus facilitating analysis of their functions are discussed.

Download Full-text

Lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte recirculation in the sheep fetus.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.143.1.167 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 143 (1) ◽

pp. 167-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

L D Pearson ◽

M W Simpson-Morgan ◽

B Morris

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Blood Stream ◽

In Utero ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Sheep Fetus

The production and the circulation of lymphocytes has been examined in the sheep fetus where neither foreign antigen nor immunoglobulins occur. It was found that as the lymphoid organs increased in size during fetal life, the numbers and the output of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph increased. The recirculating pool of lymphocytes was estimated to be 5.5 +/- 1.5 X 10(8) cells in fetal lambs 95-100 days of age, 5.7 +/- 1.2 X 10(9) cells in fetuses 130-135 days of age, and 1.2 +/0 9.3 X 10(10) cells in fetuses near to term. The rate of addition of lymphocytes to the recirculating pool was 3.2 +/- 1.9 X 10(6) cells/h in fetuses of 100 days and 3.4 +/- 0.9 X 10(7) cells/h in fetuses of 130 days of age. Lymphocytes recirculated from blood to lymph in fetuses; labeled cells injected into the blood stream reappeared in the thoracic duct lymph promptly and reached maximum levels around 12-18 h after they were injected. Labeled lymphocytes were detected subsequently in greatest numbers in the lymph nodes, particularly in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the interfollicular areas of the Peyer's patches. Chronic drainage of thoracic duct lymph from fetuses in utero for periods of up to 36 days had no obvious effects on the growth or development of the fetus and only minimal effects on the content of lymphocytes in the various lymphoid tissues even though the number of cells in the blood and lymph were reduced to between 20-30% of normal levels. Thymectomy done in fetuses about 2 mo befor cannulation of the thoracic duct reduced the output of cells in the thoracic duct to about 25% of normal levels and caused a significant reduction in the content of lymphocytes in the various lymphoid tissues. Thymectomized fetal lambs subjected to thoracic duct drainage for periods up to 2 wk in utero had a similar complement of lymphocytes in their lymphoid tissues to intact thymectomized fetal lambs. Lymphocytes obtained from the thoracic duct lymph of lambs thymectomized 2 mo previously recirculated from blood to lymph when they were injected intravenously, although they did this at a significantly slower rate than did lymphocytes from normal lambs.

Download Full-text

Antigen acquisition by dendritic cells: intestinal dendritic cells acquire antigen administered orally and can prime naive T cells in vivo.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.177.5.1299 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 177 (5) ◽

pp. 1299-1307 ◽

Cited By ~ 203

Author(s):

L M Liu ◽

G G MacPherson

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Oral Feeding ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Primary Antibody Response

In the rat, mesenteric lymphadenectomy allows collection of dendritic cells (DC) derived from the small intestine after cannulation of the thoracic duct. We prepared rats this way and administered antigens by oral feeding or intraintestinal injection. DC enriched from the thoracic duct lymph collected over the first 24 h from these animals are able to stimulate sensitized T cells in vitro and to prime popliteal lymph node CD4+ T cells after footpad injection, while B and T cells from the same thoracic duct lymph are inert in priming. 500 or less DC pulsed in vitro with antigen can prime T cells in vivo, whereas 100 times more B cells or macrophages pulsed in vitro are quite inert. 1 mg of ovalbumin administered orally is sufficient to load DC for in vivo priming of T cells. Antigen could not be detected directly in DC but was present in macrophages in the lamina propria. Direct presentation of antigen by DC to T cells was demonstrated by injecting F1 recipients with parental DC and showing restriction of T cell sensitization to the major histocompatibility complex of the injected DC. Antigen-bearing DC do not induce a detectable primary antibody response but a small secondary antibody response can be detected after a boosting injection. These results show that acquisition of antigens by DC in the intestine is very similar to what occurs in vitro or in other tissues, suggesting that there may be no special difference in antigen handling at mucosal surfaces. One implication of these results is that hypotheses designed to explain oral tolerance must take into account the presence of immunostimulatory, antigen-bearing DC in animals that have received oral antigens.

Download Full-text