scholarly journals Regulatory idiotypes. T helper cells recognize a shared VH idiotope on phosphorylcholine-specific antibodies.

1982 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Gleason ◽  
H Köhler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Myeloma Proteins

Priming of BALB/c mice with phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin (PC-Hy) induces T helper cells that are detected in splenic fragment cultures responding to immunization with trinitrophenylated PC-binding myeloma proteins, TEPC 15 (TNP-T15) and MOPC 167 (TNP-M167). Trinitrophenylation did not alter the binding site, idiotype, or isotype of the antibodies as demonstrated by binding studies. To assay idiotype-recognizing helper cells, Ly-2.2-depleted T cells from PC-Hy-primed donor mice were transferred to syngeneic athymic mice. Splenic anti-trinitrophenol fragment cultures were prepared from the nude recipients, and the response to TNP-T15 and TNP-M167 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The number of responding fragments is dependent on the number of transferred primed T cells. The homing efficiency of 51Cr-labeled helper cells into the spleen of nude recipients was determined. The frequencies of T helper cells taken from PC-Hy-primed donors required for a B cell response to TNP-T15 or TNP-M167 were indistinguishable. The fine specificity of the anti-PC idiotype-recognizing T helper cells was studied by adding hapten (PC) or unconjugated myeloma proteins to fragment cultures as inhibitors at the time of immunization. PC and PC-bovine serum albumin, as well as T15 and M167, inhibited the helper function in vitro. Furthermore, free heavy chains of T15 and M167 partially inhibited T help, but free light chains of both idiotypes had no effect. These findings collectively show that T helper cells, induced by priming with antigen, recognize a shared idiotypic determination on T15 and M167 that is part of the PC binding site. The heavy chains of T15 and M167 appears to be the major structural component of this determinant. Evidently, T helper cells can recognize a shared determinant that is present on idiotypically different myeloma proteins. This determinant appears to be conserved throughout evolutionary and somatic mutations. The role of this shared, binding site-related idiotypic determinant as a regulatory idiotype in T-B cell interaction is discussed.

scholarly journals Role of accessory cells in cytokine production by T cells in chronic B- cell lymphocytic leukemia

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1115-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Decker ◽  
T Flohr ◽  
P Trautmann ◽  
MJ Aman ◽  
W Holter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Accessory Cells ◽  
Normal Individuals

Abstract We investigated the production of cytokines by highly purified T helper cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients stimulated by different activation pathways, and we studied the influence of various accessory cell populations on the pattern of the secretion of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, interferon- gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-10. Neither a qualitative nor a quantitative difference in cytokine production and proliferative capacity was observed in CLL-derived purified T cells compared with normal individuals, when T cells were stimulated by different pathways, including CD3, CD2, and costimulation with CD28. Addition of autologous accessory cells (aAC), however, dramatically influenced the cytokine pattern of normal versus B-CLL-derived T cells. CLL cells as aAC caused a marked increase of IL-2, whereas IFN-gamma was only slightly induced and IL-4 was not influenced. In contrast, in normal individuals addition of aAC, which predominantly consisted of monocytes, resulted in a significant increase of IFN-gamma and a reduction of IL-4 secretion. IL-2 production was inhibited by higher concentrations of aAC. The increased stimulation of IL-2 production by CLL cells was not specific to the leukemic cell population, as purified B cells from normal individuals had the same effect. On the other hand, purified monocytes from CLL patients and controls both induced IFN-gamma production and inhibited IL-4 secretion. After antigen-specific stimulation with tetanus toxoid, cytokine secretion was influenced by the type of aAC in a similar pattern. We conclude that T helper cells derived from patients with B-CLL are intrinsically normal and that the predominance of B cells as accessory cells in CLL significantly alters the immune function of T helper cells in vitro.

scholarly journals Idiotype-recognizing T helper cells that are not idiotype specific.

1983 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
M McNamara ◽  
H Kohler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Helper Cell ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Limiting Dilution ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
B Cell Response

In this study T helper cells that recognize idiotypes as carriers for a hapten-specific B cell response were analyzed under limiting dilution conditions. T helper cells, induced by phosphorylcholine-hemocyanin (PC-Hy) priming, recognize trinitrophenylated TEPC-15 and MOPC-167 (TNP-T15, TNP-167) equally well. Limiting dilution analysis indicates identical frequencies of helper cells for TNP-T15 and TNP-167. Double immunization protocols using TNP-T15 and TNP-167 fail to demonstrate additive effects. Inhibition of carrier recognition in vitro using free hapten, PC, and unconjugated T15 or M167 indicates identical specificities of helper cells for T15 and M167. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that PC-Hy priming induces only one population of idiotype-recognizing helper cells that are unable to distinguish between the T15 and the M167 idiotopes. The helper cell induction circuit was further analyzed. PC-Hy priming induces T15/167-specific helper T cells in X-linked immune defect-expressing F1 mice. This indicates that a B cell response to PC is not required to induce idiotype-recognizing T cells. Adoptive cotransfer of B cells from PC-Hy-primed mice together with normal T cells fails to induce idiotype-recognizing T cells. These results indicate the existence of a T helper1-T helper2 induction loop. In this scheme, the T helper1 cell carries T15-like receptors and the T helper2 cells, anti-T15-like receptors. Monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies specific for T15 also induce a T15/167-recognizing T helper cell population. This finding demonstrates that idiotope-specific priming induces non-idiotype-specific T cells. Evidently, the idiotypic T cell network is based on a different selection of idiotope determinants than the selection of the B cell idiotype network.

scholarly journals Tissue-resident CD4+ T helper cells assist the development of protective respiratory B and CD8+ T cell memory responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (55) ◽  
pp. eabb6852
Author(s):  
Young Min Son ◽  
In Su Cheon ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Chaofan Li ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Cell Immunity

Much remains unknown about the roles of CD4+ T helper cells in shaping localized memory B cell and CD8+ T cell immunity in the mucosal tissues. Here, we report that lung T helper cells provide local assistance for the optimal development of tissue-resident memory B and CD8+ T cells after the resolution of primary influenza virus infection. We have identified a population of T cells in the lung that exhibit characteristics of both follicular T helper and TRM cells, and we have termed these cells as resident helper T (TRH) cells. Optimal TRH cell formation was dependent on transcription factors involved in T follicular helper and resident memory T cell development including BCL6 and Bhlhe40. We show that TRH cells deliver local help to CD8+ T cells through IL-21–dependent mechanisms. Our data have uncovered the presence of a tissue-resident helper T cell population in the lung that plays a critical role in promoting the development of protective B cell and CD8+ T cell responses.

scholarly journals Role of accessory cells in cytokine production by T cells in chronic B- cell lymphocytic leukemia

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1115-1123
Author(s):  
T Decker ◽  
T Flohr ◽  
P Trautmann ◽  
MJ Aman ◽  
W Holter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Accessory Cells ◽  
Normal Individuals

We investigated the production of cytokines by highly purified T helper cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients stimulated by different activation pathways, and we studied the influence of various accessory cell populations on the pattern of the secretion of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, interferon- gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-10. Neither a qualitative nor a quantitative difference in cytokine production and proliferative capacity was observed in CLL-derived purified T cells compared with normal individuals, when T cells were stimulated by different pathways, including CD3, CD2, and costimulation with CD28. Addition of autologous accessory cells (aAC), however, dramatically influenced the cytokine pattern of normal versus B-CLL-derived T cells. CLL cells as aAC caused a marked increase of IL-2, whereas IFN-gamma was only slightly induced and IL-4 was not influenced. In contrast, in normal individuals addition of aAC, which predominantly consisted of monocytes, resulted in a significant increase of IFN-gamma and a reduction of IL-4 secretion. IL-2 production was inhibited by higher concentrations of aAC. The increased stimulation of IL-2 production by CLL cells was not specific to the leukemic cell population, as purified B cells from normal individuals had the same effect. On the other hand, purified monocytes from CLL patients and controls both induced IFN-gamma production and inhibited IL-4 secretion. After antigen-specific stimulation with tetanus toxoid, cytokine secretion was influenced by the type of aAC in a similar pattern. We conclude that T helper cells derived from patients with B-CLL are intrinsically normal and that the predominance of B cells as accessory cells in CLL significantly alters the immune function of T helper cells in vitro.

Balanced expression of CXCR5 and CCR7 on follicular T helper cells determines their transient positioning to lymph node follicles and is essential for efficient B-cell help

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 1924-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Hardtke ◽  
Lars Ohl ◽  
Reinhold Förster
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Follicular T Helper Cells ◽  
Cell Follicle

Abstract The production of high-affinity antibodies to T-dependent antigens requires the interaction of B cells and T helper cells expressing receptors specific for the same antigen. Although several mechanisms have been elucidated that regulate B-cell trafficking within lymphoid organs, less is known about molecular cues that guide the small subpopulation of CD4+ follicular T helper cells to B-cell follicles. Using adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells in mice, we demonstrate that antigen-induced activation leads to a finely tuned positioning of T cells either to the T-cell area or the B-cell follicle. We show that expression of CXCR5 is indispensable for T cells to enter B-cell follicles, whereas expression of CCR7 provides a counteracting signal to retain activated T cells in the T-cell area. Although only few T cells transiently migrate from the T-cell area to the B-cell follicle of peripheral lymph nodes following antigenic challenge, this step is essential to provide the help B cells require to produce antibodies efficiently. Thus, we demonstrate that the balanced expression of CCR7 and CXCR5 determines the positioning and proper function of follicular T helper cells.

scholarly journals Regulatory idiotopes. Induction of idiotype-recognizing helper T cells by free light and heavy chains.

1984 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
M McNamara ◽  
H Kohler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Th2 Helper Cells ◽  
T Cell Help

Previously, we have demonstrated the induction of T helper cells that recognize idiotype by antigen (19), idiotype (20), and antiidiotype (12). The T cell population has been characterized and found to recognize both the T15 and M167 myeloma proteins, which share PC binding specificity but differ in idiotypic specificities. In the present work, we used isolated heavy and light chains of T15 and M167 to generate T helper cells, and examined the response to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-T15 and TNP-M167. We found that the heavy chains induced a dose-dependent response to TNP-T15 and TNP-M167, while the light chain priming was ineffective. When isolated chains of a monoclonal anti-T15 antibody (F6-3) were used to induce idiotype-recognizing T cells, only the F6-3 light chains generated T cell help for TNP-T15 and TNP-M167. Evidently, the idiotypic determinant that is recognized by the T cells is not dependent upon the conformation of combined heavy and light chains. These data show that the Th2 helper cells for the T15/M167 idiotopes are induced by free heavy chains of T15 and M167; the Th1 T cells that interact with the Th2 population, of T15 and M167; the Th1 T cells that interact with the Th2 population, however, can be triggered by free light chains of an antiidiotypic hybridoma antibody. These provocative findings suggest a new model for the T helper cell network.

scholarly journals Properties of transcription factors regulating interleukin-2 gene transcription through the NFAT binding site in untreated or drug- treated naive and memory T-helper cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 2612-2621 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mouzaki ◽  
D Rungger
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Jurkat Cells ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Helper Cells

Abstract Combining in vitro DNA binding studies and functional transcription assays in the Xenopus oocyte, we have tested the presence and functional state of transcription factors controlling the interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter through the NFAT binding site. In naive T-helper cells, the IL-2 gene is repressed by a silencer. After first mitogenic stimulation, this silencer becomes undetectable while an activator is newly synthesized. In resting memory cells, the activator has low DNA- binding affinity and is located in the cytoplasm. However, no silencer is formed. Upon renewed cellular activation, this pre-existing activator is again targeted to the nucleus and regains function in promoting transcription. Cyclosporin A and FK506 act on two distinct levels of the IL-2 control mechanism. They prevent nuclear transport and reactivation of the performed activator in memory cells and, in naive cells, they render the silencer resistant to displacement by the activator. DNA-binding of silencer and activator from T-helper, and NFAT-1 from Jurkat cells, requires the same three G residues, but cross- linking analyses show differences in their constituent subunits. Supershift experiments show that the activator contains fra-2 and junD, whereas the silencer reacts with none of the antibodies tested.

Peripheral B Cells from Patients with MGUS and Multiple Myeloma (MM) Can Be Stimulated by Paraprotein-Target Specific T-Helper Cells to Produce Paraprotein-Identical Monoclonal Antibodies: Rationale for PARs, a Novel Therapeutic Approach with Ultimate Specificity in MGUS/MM

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 1817-1817
Author(s):  
Frank Neumann ◽  
Boris Kubuschok ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Preuss ◽  
Claudia Schormann ◽  
Michael Pfreundschuh
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Cells ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Peripheral B Cells

Abstract Background: Paratarg-7 (P-7) is the antigenic target of paraproteins(Preuss et al. Int J Cancer 2009;125:656-61) from 15% of European and 37% of African-American MGUS/MM patients, stronlgy supporting a role of P-7 in the pathogenesis of MGUS/MM via chronic auto-antigenic stimulation. All patients with P-7 specific paraproteins are carriers of the hyperphosphorylated version of p-7 (pP-7). We recently identified pP-7 specific T-helper cells which were restricted by certain "permissive" HLA-DR haplotypes (Neumann et al., Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1076-1084). These HLA-DR subtypes are overrepresented among patients with P-7 specific paraproteins compared to the corresponding normal population indicating that there are two prerequisites for the development of MGUS/MM with a P-7 specific paraprotein: 1st carriership of pP-7 and 2nd a permissive HLA-DR subtype. We now investigated the functional role of the pP-7 specific T-helper cells and their interaction with peripheral B cells with cognate specificity. Methods: Three patients with MGUS or MM, respectively, with a P-7 specific paraprotein and pP-7 specific T-helper cells were included in this study so far. In addition, the B cells from one healthy pP-7 carrying son of one of the patients were also analyzed. In vitro stimulation of antigen-specific peripheral B cells by pP-7 specific T-helper cells followed a modified protocol previously described by Lanzavecchia et al. (Eur J Immunol. 1983; 13:733-738). To this end, CD19+ B cells and CD3+ T cells were magnetically isolated from the proband's PBMC. T cells were replaced by corresponding T-helper cell clones. Results: In all patients studied, the autologous pP-7 specific T-helper cells stimulated the peripheral B cells to produce P-7 specific antibodies. The P-7 specific B-cell responses were monoclonal and the immunoglobulin type was the same as the paraprotein of the corresponding patient. In contrast, B-cell stimulation with CMV-pp65 specific T-helper cells used as controls always induced an antigen-specific, yet polyclonal response. When the peripheral B cells of a pP-7 carrying patient's son were also stimulated with pP-7 specific T-helper cells, they induced - in contrast to the mother - a polyclonal P-7 specific antibody response in his B cells, even though mother and son shared a "permissive" HLA-DR haplotype (HLA-DRB1*1301). Conclusion: In patients with MGUS/MM monoclonal B cells are found in the peripheral blood that can be induced to produce monoclonal antibodies identical to the serum paraprotein by T-helper cells with specificity for the antigenic target of the paraprotein. This does not only support an indispensable role of these T-helper cells in the pathogenesis of MGUS/MM via chronic antigenic stimulation, it also proves that precursors of the malignant plasma cells can be found in the peripheral blood that might fuel the development of malignant plasma cells. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses are underway to determine if these precursor B-cells share the malignant genotype of their malignant plasma cells. These B cells can now be targeted by PARs (p araprotein a ntigens for r everse targeting) conjugated to toxins, as parts of bispecific constructs (PAR/CD3 or PAR/CD16) and/or PAR/CAR T cells. Use of PARs can be envisaged prophylactically for carriers of modified autoantigens like pP-7 with a permissive HLA-DR haplotype and a monoclonal B-cell response in vitro or in MM patients achieving a VGPR or CR after treatment for the prevention of relapse. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Properties of transcription factors regulating interleukin-2 gene transcription through the NFAT binding site in untreated or drug- treated naive and memory T-helper cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 2612-2621 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mouzaki ◽  
D Rungger
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Jurkat Cells ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Helper Cells

Combining in vitro DNA binding studies and functional transcription assays in the Xenopus oocyte, we have tested the presence and functional state of transcription factors controlling the interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter through the NFAT binding site. In naive T-helper cells, the IL-2 gene is repressed by a silencer. After first mitogenic stimulation, this silencer becomes undetectable while an activator is newly synthesized. In resting memory cells, the activator has low DNA- binding affinity and is located in the cytoplasm. However, no silencer is formed. Upon renewed cellular activation, this pre-existing activator is again targeted to the nucleus and regains function in promoting transcription. Cyclosporin A and FK506 act on two distinct levels of the IL-2 control mechanism. They prevent nuclear transport and reactivation of the performed activator in memory cells and, in naive cells, they render the silencer resistant to displacement by the activator. DNA-binding of silencer and activator from T-helper, and NFAT-1 from Jurkat cells, requires the same three G residues, but cross- linking analyses show differences in their constituent subunits. Supershift experiments show that the activator contains fra-2 and junD, whereas the silencer reacts with none of the antibodies tested.

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