scholarly journals TOXIC SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY PNEUMOCOCCUS

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufus Cole
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Peritoneal Washings

1. The filtered blood serum of rabbits infected with pneumococci is not toxic. 2. Extracts of pneumococci prepared by keeping emulsions of the bacteria in salt solution at 37° C. for varying periods of time may be toxic, and when injected intravenously into guinea pigs, may produce a train of symptoms followed by acute death resembling that seen in acute anaphylaxis. Such extracts, however, are not uniformly toxic and it has been impossible to discover the exact conditions under which such extracts become toxic. 3. When the centrifugalized peritoneal washings of guinea pigs infected with pneumococci are injected into the circulation of normal guinea pigs, these animals very frequently exhibit symptoms like those seen in acute anaphylaxis, and a considerable proportion of the animals die acutely. 4. When pneumococci are dissolved in dilute solutions of bile salts and the solution resulting is injected intravenously into rabbits and guinea pigs, these animals show with great constancy the same symptoms that are seen in acute anaphylaxis. The solution of pneumococci in bile may occur in ten minutes at 37° C. or in half an hour on ice. This is considered evidence that the toxicity of the solution does not result from digestion of the bacterial protein, but is due to substances preformed in the bacterial cells and set free on their solution. The toxicity of the solution is diminished or destroyed by heating to 55° C. or over.

scholarly journals RECENT STUDIES ON METHODS OF ISOLATING A BACTERIOPHAGE FOR BACILLUS DIPHTHERIÆ

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius A. Klosterman ◽  
Kathryn W. Small
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Peritoneal Washings ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Near Future

Of the attempts to isolate an antidiphtheria phage (1) from stools collected daily during the course of a case of the disease, (2) from a 33 day old broth culture of B. diphtheriæ, (3) from intestinal contents and peritoneal washings of guinea pigs inoculated with three different toxic strains of B. diphtheriæ, none yielded an antidiphtheria phage. However of eleven specimens of feces collected from eleven antitoxin horses one was found to contain a bacteriophage active against B. diphtheriæ. This phage was not observed in the first generation and did not show up until transferred the second time. Had the results of the first transfer been regarded as final in all certainty the existence of a phage would not have been recognized. Two additional specimens of feces from the positive horse (No. 156) were later tested to determine whether this bacteriophage was continually present in the intestinal tract of this animal. Both of these feces filtrates failed to yield a phage. Later a sample of freshly collected blood serum from the same horse was tested and found not to contain a phage. The antidiphtheria phage was tested against eighteen non-diphtheria strains of microorganisms to determine whether it would show lytic activity for related or unrelated bacteria. There was no evidence of lysis in any of these types. The specificity of this phage was also tested on nine strains of B. diphtheriæ and found to be active on three heterologous strains (Strain M 1314, Strain F and Strain G). These incidentally were all recently isolated. It failed to lyse the remaining six strains of which five were recently isolated. B. diphtheriæ Strain M 1314 was used in combination with nine heterologous bacteriophages isolated from various sources, to determine if any of these phages would by chance lyse this culture. The results were all negative. To date this phage fails to show complete lysis although the twenty-second generation has a titer of 1 x 10–9. Additional proposed experiments involving this phage are being planned and will be undertaken in the near future.

scholarly journals A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERS

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Severe Reaction ◽  
Meningeal Irritation ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Normal Controls

1. A meningococcus vaccine suspended in salt solution has been given subcutaneously as a prophylactic to about 3,700 volunteers in three injections of 2,000 million, 4,000 million, and 4,000 or 8,000 million cocci at weekly intervals. 2. These doses rarely caused more than the mildest local and general reactions. Exceptionally a more severe reaction emphasized the presence of an unusual individual susceptibility to the vaccine. In such instances the symptoms were in part those of meningeal irritation and sometimes simulated the onset of meningitis. 3. Specific meningococcus agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of vaccinated men as compared with normal controls. 4. Moreover, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of chronic carriers of the meningococcus. Evidence is thus brought forward that the relative immunity of chronic carriers to epidemic meningitis may be due to the presence of specific antibodies in the blood stream.

In vitro absorption of bile salts by small intestine of rats and guinea pigs

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Lack ◽  
I. M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Ileal Segment

The transport of taurocholic and glycocholic acids by the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs against a concentration gradient was studied by the everted gutsac technique. Transport of these substances is limited to the distal ileal segment. This transport is inhibited by anoxia, dinitrophenol and sodium azide. The system has a transport maximum. On the basis of these criteria bile acid reabsorption is considered to occur by active transport.

scholarly journals TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INDOMETHACIN AS A RISK FACTOR FOR WORKERS’ HEALTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
N. A. Martynova ◽  
Larisa G. Gorokhova ◽  
V. A. Shtaiger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Ulcerogenic Effect

Introduction. The toxicity of indomethacin was studied for its hygienic regulation. Material and methods. The toxic properties of indomethacin in the experiments on out-bred and linear mice, rats, Guinea pigs and rabbits contained in standard vivarium conditions and quarantined have been studied. In the experiments, various modes (single, repeated, chronic) and ways of exposure (intragastric, inhalation, epicutaneous) were modeled. The average lethal dose (LD50) of Indomethacin and the threshold of a single acute action (Limac) were determined; irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, cumulative and allergenic activity were revealed. In subacute and chronic intake to the body, the main target organs were determined on the based of the results of biochemical and hematological studies. Results. DL50 for male rats, females and male mice, when introduced into the stomach, were have been established to be 20, 15 and 25.6 mg/kg respectively. It refers to the substances of hazard class 2. DL50 in the intraperitoneal introduction for the rats accounted for 13.8 mg/kg, for Guinea pigs - 500 mg/kg. The clinical picture of acute poisoning in mice and rats was characterized by low mobility, decreasing breathing, ataxia, muscle relaxation, anorexia, diarrhea, ulceration with the perforation of the intestines, and the death on the 2-4th days after the poisoning. In the experiments on Guinea pigs, the ulcerogenic effect was not detected. Local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes was not revealed. It has a marked skin-resorptive action causing ulcerogenic effect and the death of the animals after 6 applications. The introduction of verospiron to the rats in a dose of 25 mg/kg simultaneously with the application of indomethacin ointment on the skin prevented the ulcer development in the gastrointestinal tract and the death of the animals. No sensitizing effect was detected. It has an average cumulative ability: the cumulation coefficient amounted to 2.6. In a subacute experiment, there was a decrease in the body temperature and summation-threshold index, an increase in the vertical motor activity and a threshold of pain sensitivity. During the study of blood serum an increase in AcAt activity, a rise of chlorides in the blood serum and their decrease in the urine, and an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in peripheral blood were revealed. In the pathomorphological study, there was an increase in the coefficients of liver mass and ulceration of the stomach and intestines. The threshold of acute inhalation action accounted for 0.52 mg/m3 (by the reduction of the summation-threshold index and the content of sodium and chlorides in the urine). Conclusion. The maximum permissible concentration of indomethacin in the air of the working area was of 0.05 mg/m3 with the mark “special protection of the skin and eyes”, hazard class 1, aerosol.

scholarly journals FATAL INFECTION OF IRRADIATED WHITE MICE WITH EUROPEAN TYPHUS BY THE INTRA-ABDOMINAL ROUTE

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-680
Author(s):  
P. Y. Liu ◽  
John C. Snyder ◽  
John F. Enders
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Rickettsial Infection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Abdominal Route ◽  
Peritoneal Washings ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Observation Period

A fatal infection of irradiated white mice with the Breinl strain of European typhus has been established and passed serially for 22 passages by the intra-abdominal route. Rickettsiae were abundant and easily demonstrable in the moribund or dead mice. The mortality of irradiated mice infected with passage material (peritoneal washings or blood) was nearly 100 per cent as contrasted to no mortality in the control mice given the same dose of x-ray (450 R) and the same volume of fluid intra-abdominally. (The observation period of control mice was arbitrarily limited to 14 days.) After eighteen passages in irradiated mice no increase in virulence for non-irradiated adult mice was detected. After passage in guinea pigs, the rickettsial infection deriving from the mouse passage material was identical with the Breinl strain as judged by fever, cross immunity tests, and brain lesions in sections.

scholarly journals SERUM-GLOBULIN AND DIPHTHERIC ANTITOXIN.—A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OE GLOBULIN IN NORMAL AND ANTITOXIC SERA, AND THE RELATION OF THE GLOBULINS TO THE ANTITOXIC BODIES

1900 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hanson Hiss ◽  
James P. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Present State ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Methods Of Determination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Variable Factor

The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows: The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself. Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses. The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses. In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization. The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination. The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate. Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.

scholarly journals The inhibitory effect of blood serum on hæmolysis. —II

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (692) ◽  
pp. 484-493 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Simple Relation ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
Inhibitory Substance ◽  
Quantitative Examination

In a paper previously published (1), in which the inhibitory effect of serum on the hæmolysis produced by saponin and the bile salts was subjected to a detailed quantitative examination, certain points were left untouched, as requiring further investigation. It was therein shown that, if the non-hæmolytic substance which results from the interaction of the serum and the saponin or bile salt is regarded as playing no part in the hæmolytic reaction after its formation, there is a simple relation between the amount of hæmolytic substance acting on the cells and the amount rendered inactive by the inhibitory substance, so that, if the former amount be indicated by c 2 and the latter amount by x the simple expression x = A c 2 1/n describes the relation of the two quantities, A and n being two constants. It was further found that these constants varied with many circumstances, and principally with the dilution of the serum employed for the purpose of bringing about inhibition; with this variation the present paper is concerned. It may be noted that the validity of the formula has been confirmed by Kennedy (2), who has found it to apply also to the inhibition produced by glucose and fructose on saponin hæmolysis. In this paper we shall extend the results of (1) and deal with the value of the constants A and n under various conditions.

scholarly journals SPIROCHÆTA HEBDOMADIS, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SEVEN DAY FEVER (NANUKAYAMI)

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Ido ◽  
Hiroshi Ito ◽  
Hidetsune Wani
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Field Mouse ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
A New Species

A new species of spirochete which we have called Spirochæta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in Fukuoka and other parts of Japan. This spirochete is distinguishable from Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ to which it presents certain similarities. Young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symptoms suggestive of those of seven day fever in man. The blood serum of convalescents from seven day fever contains specific immune bodies acting spirochetolytically and spirocheticidally against the specific spirochetes, but not against Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ. The field mouse (Microtus montebelli) is the normal host of the spirochetes, which have been detected in the kidneys and urine of 3.3 per cent of the animals examined. The endemic area of prevalence of seven day fever corresponds with the region in which field mice abound.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN BILE SALTS AND BLOOD SERUM AND THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATION IN THE FORMATION OF BILE SALTS

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Watson Sellards
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibiting Action ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Hemolytic Action

These experiments suggest the following conclusions concerning hemolytic action: 1. It is probably the proteid part of the serum which inhibits the bile salts. 2. The cholalic acid group is the active part of the bile salt molecule. 3. The protection afforded by bile salts against serum is of especial interest from the following considerations: (a) The protective action is a property apparently peculiar to proteids obtained from blood serum. It is not given satisfactorily by egg albumen. (b) The conjugation of cholalic acid with glycocoll in the formation of the bile salts is of some advantage to the organism. Although the toxicity of the cholalate for red corpuscles, when free from serum, is at most only slightly diminished by conjugation, yet the blood serum possesses a greater inhibiting action for the resulting glycocholate than for the original cholalate. 4. As compared with its inhibition of sodium glycocholate, normal serum possesses relatively little inhibiting action against certain foreign hemolytic agents, such as tetanus toxin, sodium benzoate, phenol and ethyl alcohol. 5. Hemolytic experiments afford a fairly general method for studying, in vitro, certain syntheses occurring in the body. They avoid, largely, the complications, such as rapid chemical alteration, which might occur in animal experimentation. Contrary to the results obtained with bile salts, the conjugation of benzoic acid and of phenol results in an effective reduction of their hemolytic action independently of the presence or absence of serum.

Electrophoretic Studies of Blood Serum Proteins in Guinea Pigs Inoculated with Entamoeba histolytica

1961 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd O. Atchley ◽  
Arthur H. Auernheimer ◽  
Marion A. Wasley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Blood Serum Proteins
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