scholarly journals SERUM-GLOBULIN AND DIPHTHERIC ANTITOXIN.—A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OE GLOBULIN IN NORMAL AND ANTITOXIC SERA, AND THE RELATION OF THE GLOBULINS TO THE ANTITOXIC BODIES

1900 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hanson Hiss ◽  
James P. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Present State ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Methods Of Determination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Variable Factor

The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows: The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself. Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses. The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses. In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization. The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination. The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate. Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.

Nasal Cavity Dimensions in Guinea Pigs Measured by Acoustic Reflections

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole F. Pedersen ◽  
Mikikazu Yamagiwa ◽  
Yukinori Miyahara ◽  
Yasuo Sakakura
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Present State ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Before And After

Acoustic reflections have been used in adult humans to determine nasal cavity dimensions in terms of cross-sectional areas as a function of the distance from the nostril (J. Appl. Physiol., 66:295–303, 1989). In order to measure nasal cavity dimensions in guinea pigs, we modified equipment for use in humans by decreasing sound tube dimensions, increasing sampling frequency, and applying a special nosepiece. We measured 5 guinea pigs (Duncan Hartley strain, 500 g) on two days, before and after instillation of epinephrine and histamine in one nostril. In the control measurements, the minimum cross-sectional area of a nasal cavity was 1.1 mm2 (SD = 0.3 mm2), and the volume from the nostril to 20 mm into the nasal cavity was 60 mm3 (SD = 19 mm3). There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for epinephrine to increase minimum cross-sectional area on the treated side and volumes on both sides. Histamine decreased volume on both sides (P < 0.05), but not uniformly between animals. Measurements in a tube with 2 mm internal diameter (area 3.1 mm2) underestimated true area by approximately 30%. The method, therefore, at its present state of development, measures changes in dimensions rather than absolute values. It is concluded that the acoustic reflections technique may be a useful alternative to other, more invasive methods to assess nasal cavity dimensions in guinea pigs, but further studies are necessary to improve and validate the method.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PURE PROTEIN SOLUTIONS AND OF BLOOD SERUM ON THE DIFFUSIBILITY OF CALCIUM

1926 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Loeb ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Protein Ions ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Pure Protein

1. A comparative study has been made of the diffusibility of calcium in solutions of crystalline egg albumin, serum globulin, and human blood serum. 2. In all three of these solutions, at pH 7.4, molal Ca concentrations within the membrane are greater than the calcium concentrations in the outside solutions, quite in accordance with the Donnan theory. 3. At pH 7.4, the ratio of See PDF for Structure varies directly with the protein concentration whether the solution be one of egg albumin, serum globulin, or blood serum. This is also in accordance with the Donnan theory. 4. On the acid side of the isoelectric point of the proteins, the concentration of Ca outside becomes greater than the concentration in the solution of blood serum or pure protein, as is demanded by the Donnan theory. 5. The magnitude of the Ca ratios on the alkaline and acid sides of the isoelectric points is probably the resultant of the Donnan equilibrium and the formation of complex Ca-protein ions. Northrop and Kunitz have shown the probability of the existence of such ions in the case of Zn++, K+, and Li+, where satisfactory electrodes have been developed for E.M.F. measurements.

Antiheparin Activity of Human Serum and Platelet Factor 4

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 093-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H.J Sear ◽  
L Poller ◽  
F.R.C Path
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antiheparin Activity

SummaryThe antiheparin activity of normal serum has been studied by comparing the antiheparin activities of sera obtained from normal whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-’free’ plasma with a purified platelet extract during differential isoelectric precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography.The mean values for the activity of PRP-serum and PFP-serum were 106% (S.D. 11) and 10% (S.D. 3) of untreated whole blood respectively. The activity of whole blood serum, PRP serum and whole blood serum plus platelet extract precipitated under identical physical conditions, i.e. pH 7.0, I =0.008, indicating that the activities of the three samples are probably associated with PF4. PF4 precipitated from human platelet extract at pH 4.0, but this is probably due to the difference in the two biochemical environments investigated, i.e. serum and platelet extract.The gel filtration experiments revealed striking similarities between the major antiheparin activities of serum and platelet extract. At physiological pH and ionic strength both activities were associated with high molecular weight material, but at physiological pH and elevated ionic strength both activities behaved as much smaller entities of molecular weight between 25,000 and 30,000 daltons and it seems very likely that both activities are associated with the same molecule, i.e. PF4.

Hemodynamic stability after epidural fentanyl alone and with magnesium sulphate for post-operative analgesia: A comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-267
Author(s):  
D Pavan Kumar ◽  
◽  
Vinay Dandemmanavar ◽  
M Pramod Kumar ◽  
Pratibha Omkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Epidural Fentanyl ◽  
Hemodynamic Stability

Effect of topically applied povidone-iodine on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in guinea pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 700-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Recep Yagiz ◽  
Abdullah Tas ◽  
Cem Uzun ◽  
Mustafa Kemal Adali ◽  
Muhsin Koten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transiently Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Povidone Iodine Solution

The possible cochlear toxicity of topically applied povidone-iodine solution was investigated in guinea pigs by measuring transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). Seven adult pigmented guinea pigs (14 ears) with a normal acoustic pinna reflex were used. After the baseline TEOAE measurements, 0.1mL of povidone-iodine solution was applied transtympanically into the middle ear in the study group. Saline solution and gentamicin were used as negative and positive control, respectively. TEOAE measurements were repeated on the 10th day, and four weeks after the first application. Tympanometric measurements were also carried out for both ears of all animals at the end of the study. Responses in all ears, which had povidone-iodine applied to them, disappeared in a way similar to those recorded in gentamicin-treated ears. Tympanometric measurements at the end of the study showed ’type A’ tympanograms in all ears of all animals. The present study showed that povidone-iodine could have a cochleotoxic effect in guinea pigs. A study in humans with TEOAE before and after middle-ear surgery, where povidone-iodine can reach into the middle-ear cavity, may be useful for evaluating this result for clinical practice.

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